Question 1

Which of the following best describes why water is considered a polar molecule?

Accepted Answer

Because the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms, creating partial charges.

Question 2

A scientist is testing the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth. She gives one group of plants the fertilizer and another group only water. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

The type of fertilizer used

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\ \mathrm{O}_2 ightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 4

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. What type of solution is the cell in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for metabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for reactions.

Question 6

A mutation causes a cell to lose its ability to regulate the cell cycle. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The cell may begin to divide uncontrollably, potentially leading to cancer.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is correct?

Accepted Answer

It results in two identical DNA molecules, each with one old and one new strand.

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Which of the following genotypes would result in the individual expressing the disorder?

Accepted Answer

aa

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It brings specific amino acids to the ribosome by matching its anticodon to the mRNA codon.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Release of insulin to lower blood glucose after a meal

Question 11

A researcher uses PCR to amplify a DNA sequence. Which of the following is required for this process?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is considered 'universal'?

Accepted Answer

The same codons specify the same amino acids in nearly all organisms.

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world example of artificial selection?

Accepted Answer

Humans breeding dogs for specific traits

Question 14

A population of beetles is exposed to a pesticide. Most die, but a few survive due to a genetic mutation. Over time, the population becomes resistant. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Natural selection

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the liver in the human digestive system?

Accepted Answer

It produces bile, which emulsifies fats.

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{pH} = -\log_{10}[\mathrm{H}^+]$$

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why arteries are able to withstand higher pressure than veins?

Accepted Answer

They have thicker muscular and elastic layers.

Question 18

A scientist discovers a new organism that is unicellular, lacks a nucleus, and has circular DNA. To which domain does this organism most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria

Question 19

Which of the following is a postzygotic reproductive barrier?

Accepted Answer

Hybrid offspring are sterile.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the main function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

To allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues

General Biology Final Exam Review – Step-by-Step Guidance

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