Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between homology and analogy in evolutionary biology?

Accepted Answer

Homology refers to similarities due to shared ancestry, while analogy refers to similarities due to convergent evolution.

Question 2

In the Linnaean system of classification, which of the following sequences correctly lists the taxonomic categories from most inclusive to least inclusive?

Accepted Answer

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 3

A phylogenetic tree shows that snakes and glass lizards both lack limbs, but their most recent common ancestor had limbs. What does this suggest about the evolution of limblessness in these groups?

Accepted Answer

Limblessness evolved independently in snakes and glass lizards due to convergent evolution.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes a monophyletic group (clade)?

Accepted Answer

A group that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

Question 5

Which principle is used to select the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence when constructing phylogenetic trees?

Accepted Answer

Maximum parsimony

Question 6

A researcher is comparing the DNA sequences of two species and finds that they differ at only a few nucleotide sites. What can be inferred about their evolutionary relationship?

Accepted Answer

They are likely to be closely related.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a shared derived character (synapomorphy) for mammals?

Accepted Answer

Hair

Question 8

According to the molecular clock hypothesis, which equation best represents the relationship between the number of nucleotide substitutions ($$N) $$and the time since divergence ($$T) $$for orthologous genes?

Accepted Answer

$$N = kT$$

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the three-domain system is correct?

Accepted Answer

Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than either is to Bacteria.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of paralogous genes?

Accepted Answer

Two genes in humans that arose from a gene duplication event and now have different functions.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a valid use of phylogenetic bracketing?

Accepted Answer

Assuming that all features found in one group must be present in all other groups.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why Protista is no longer considered a valid kingdom in modern classification?

Accepted Answer

Some protists are more closely related to plants, fungi, or animals than to other protists.

Question 13

A group of organisms that includes an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants is called:

Accepted Answer

A paraphyletic group

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-world example of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

The similar body shapes of the Australian 'mole' and the African golden mole, which are not closely related.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about gene families is correct?

Accepted Answer

Gene families are groups of related genes within a genome that have arisen through gene duplication.

Question 16

Which molecular evidence would be most useful for determining ancient evolutionary relationships between distantly related organisms?

Accepted Answer

DNA coding for ribosomal RNA

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding the use of maximum likelihood in phylogenetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

It uses probability rules about how DNA changes over time to identify the most likely tree.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a shared ancestral character for all vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

Having a backbone

Question 19

If a molecular clock is calibrated using fossil evidence, what is the main assumption made about the rate of molecular change?

Accepted Answer

The rate of molecular change is constant over time.

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life: Study Notes

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

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