Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why prokaryotes are considered essential to life on Earth?

Accepted Answer

They recycle carbon and other chemical elements between organic matter and the environment.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a microorganism living in a hot spring with temperatures above 90°C and high salinity. Which domain does this organism most likely belong to, and what is the term for such organisms?

Accepted Answer

Domain Archaea; extremophiles

Question 3

Which structure allows prokaryotes to adhere to surfaces and to each other, and can also play a role in the transfer of genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Fimbriae (attachment pili)

Question 4

Gram-negative bacteria differ from Gram-positive bacteria in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides.

Question 5

Which metabolic category describes an organism that uses light as an energy source and CO$$_2 as a $$carbon source?

Accepted Answer

Photoautotroph

Question 6

A bacterium is found to survive only in the absence of oxygen and dies when exposed to it. Which term best describes this organism?

Accepted Answer

Obligate anaerobe

Question 7

Which process involves the direct transfer of DNA from one prokaryotic cell to another via a sex pilus?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 8

A mutation rate in a bacterial population is $$1 	imes 10$$^{-7}$$ per cell division. If a population of E. coli undergoes 2$$ 	imes $$10^{10}$$ cell divisions per day, how many mutants for a single gene would you expect to arise each day?

Accepted Answer

$$2 	imes 10$$^{3}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the genetic material of most prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of plasmids in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

They provide genes for antibiotic resistance and metabolism of unusual nutrients.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about nitrogen fixation is correct?

Accepted Answer

It allows certain prokaryotes to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N$$_2) $$into ammonia (NH$$_3$$), making nitrogen available to living organisms.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics that target peptidoglycan synthesis are effective against bacteria but not archaea?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, while archaea do not.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by all prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a cell wall containing peptidoglycan

Question 14

Which group of bacteria is responsible for generating oxygen in Earth's atmosphere through photosynthesis and is thought to be the ancestor of plant chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Cyanobacteria

Question 15

A patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection caused by a helical-shaped organism. Which group does this bacterium most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Spirochetes

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the evolutionary relationship between mitochondria, chloroplasts, and prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes that became endosymbionts within larger host cells.

Question 17

Which of the following is a unique feature of Archaea compared to Bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Membrane lipids with some branched hydrocarbons

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of endospores in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They allow bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions by forming a resistant, dormant structure.

Question 19

Which of the following metabolic strategies would you expect to find in a bacterium living deep underground, away from sunlight, using inorganic chemicals as an energy source and CO$$_2 as a $$carbon source?

Accepted Answer

Chemoautotrophy

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the three domains of life is correct?

Accepted Answer

Eukarya is the only domain with a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles.

Study Guide: Bacteria and Archaea (Prokaryotes) – Structure, Diversity, and Classification

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