Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between chromosomes, chromatids, and chromatin during the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, which are made of two identical chromatids joined at the centromere after DNA replication.

Question 2

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, and what is the result for each chromosome?

Accepted Answer

S phase; each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.

Question 3

A scientist observes a cell with chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate and spindle fibers attached to kinetochores. Which phase is this cell in, and what is the significance of this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase; it ensures that each daughter cell will receive an identical set of chromosomes.

Question 4

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle apparatus before proceeding?

Accepted Answer

M checkpoint

Question 5

What is the role of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) in the cell cycle, and how are they regulated?

Accepted Answer

Cdks phosphorylate target proteins to drive the cell cycle and are activated by binding to cyclins.

Question 6

A patient’s biopsy reveals cells that continue dividing even when crowded and not attached to a substrate. What cellular behaviors have these cells lost?

Accepted Answer

Density-dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the number of chromosomes ($$n) $$and DNA molecules ($$d) in a $$human somatic cell during G2 phase?

Accepted Answer

$$n = 46$$, $$d = 92$$

Question 8

Which process is responsible for the formation of gametes in humans, and how does it differ from mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis; it reduces the chromosome number by half, unlike mitosis which maintains chromosome number.

Question 9

What is the function of nonkinetochore microtubules during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

They help elongate the cell during anaphase.

Question 10

A cell is observed with a cleavage furrow forming. What process is occurring, and what is the outcome?

Accepted Answer

Cytokinesis in an animal cell; two genetically identical daughter cells are produced.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

A non-dividing state where cells perform normal functions but do not prepare for division.

Question 12

What is the source of the material that forms the cell plate during cytokinesis in plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus

Question 13

Which of the following is a key function of the mitotic spindle during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Separating sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

Question 14

A chicken has 78 chromosomes in its somatic cells. How many chromosomes are present in each of its gametes?

Accepted Answer

39

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor) in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

It triggers the cell’s entry into mitosis by phosphorylating key proteins.

Question 16

What is the main difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

Accepted Answer

A benign tumor does not spread, while a malignant tumor can invade other tissues.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why cancer cells can form tumors?

Accepted Answer

They do not respond to normal cell cycle controls such as density-dependent inhibition.

Question 18

Which checkpoint ensures that the cell’s DNA is undamaged and fully replicated before mitosis begins?

Accepted Answer

G2 checkpoint

Question 19

What is the function of growth factors such as PDGF in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate cells to divide by binding to specific receptors.

Question 20

Which process do prokaryotic cells use to divide, and how does it differ from mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Binary fission; it does not involve mitotic spindle formation or a nucleus.

The Cell Cycle and Mitosis: Mechanisms of Cellular Continuity

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