Question 1

Which of the following best explains why cells must remain small in size to function efficiently?

Accepted Answer

Because smaller cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, allowing for more efficient exchange of materials across the plasma membrane.

Question 2

A scientist wants to observe the detailed surface texture of a hair. Which type of microscope should they use and why?

Accepted Answer

Scanning electron microscope, because it provides detailed 3D images of cell surfaces.

Question 3

Which of the following structures is present in prokaryotic cells but absent in animal cells, and is a common target for antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Question 4

A patient has a buildup of excess glycogen within muscle cells, muscle weakness, and a 'floppy' appearance. Which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between mitochondria, chloroplasts, and prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

All have a nucleus containing their genetic material.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the pathway of a protein destined for secretion from a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus → rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi apparatus → transport vesicle → plasma membrane

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly calculates the surface area-to-volume ratio for a cube-shaped cell?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{6a^2$}{a^3$}$$

Question 8

Which of the following is a key difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria that affects antibiotic treatment?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, making them more susceptible to penicillin.

Question 9

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents actin polymerization. Which cellular process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Cytokinesis during cell division

Question 10

Which of the following is evidence supporting the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Both organelles contain their own circular DNA and reproduce independently within the cell.

Question 11

Which organelle would you expect to find in abundance in liver cells due to their role in detoxification?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics such as penicillin do not harm human cells?

Accepted Answer

Human cells lack peptidoglycan cell walls, which are targeted by penicillin.

Question 13

Which of the following cell structures is responsible for sorting, modifying, and packaging proteins for export?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of microtubules in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Movement of chromosomes during cell division

Question 15

A white blood cell engulfs and digests a bacterium. Which organelle is primarily responsible for the digestion of the bacterium?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the main function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Regulating the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Question 17

Which of the following is a consequence of a cell growing too large without dividing?

Accepted Answer

The surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, limiting efficient exchange of materials.

Question 18

Which of the following is a key feature of eukaryotic cells that allows for compartmentalization of cellular functions?

Accepted Answer

Presence of membrane-bound organelles

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins from mRNA templates

Question 20

A patient presents with breathing problems, frequent lung infections, and infertility. Which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Cilia (cytoskeleton/microtubules)

The Cell: Structure, Function, and Evolutionary Origins

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