Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of translation in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

The conversion of genetic information from mRNA into a polypeptide chain.

Question 2

During translation, which molecule acts as the 'translator' between the language of nucleic acids and the language of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 3

What is the function of the anticodon region of a tRNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

It base-pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA.

Question 4

Which enzyme is responsible for attaching the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA, and what energy source does it use?

Accepted Answer

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase; ATP

Question 5

What is the significance of the 'wobble' position in the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

It allows for the same tRNA to recognize multiple codons due to flexible base pairing at the third codon position.

Question 6

Which site on the ribosome does the initiator tRNA occupy during the formation of the translation initiation complex in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

P site

Question 7

What is the correct order of events during the elongation phase of translation?

Accepted Answer

Codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation

Question 8

Which of the following statements about translation termination is correct?

Accepted Answer

A stop codon is recognized by a release factor, which triggers hydrolysis and release of the polypeptide.

Question 9

A mutation changes a codon from GAG to GUG in the coding region of the beta-globin gene. What is the likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

A missense mutation resulting in a single amino acid change.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why a three-nucleotide deletion in a gene may have a less severe effect than a one-nucleotide deletion?

Accepted Answer

A three-nucleotide deletion removes an entire codon, preserving the reading frame.

Question 11

Which of the following is a real-world application of the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

Designing antibiotics that specifically target bacterial ribosomes without harming human cells.

Question 12

A mutation in the DNA sequence changes a codon from GGC to GGU. Both codons code for glycine. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a polyribosome (polysome)?

Accepted Answer

Multiple ribosomes simultaneously translating a single mRNA molecule.

Question 14

What is the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP) during translation?

Accepted Answer

It recognizes and binds to the signal peptide, pausing translation and targeting the ribosome to the ER membrane.

Question 15

A mutation introduces a premature stop codon in the middle of a gene. What is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

A nonsense mutation resulting in a truncated, likely nonfunctional protein.

Question 16

Which of the following events occurs during the elongation cycle of translation?

Accepted Answer

A peptide bond forms between the amino group of the incoming amino acid and the carboxyl group of the growing polypeptide.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why a frameshift mutation is often more harmful than a point mutation?

Accepted Answer

It alters the reading frame, changing every amino acid downstream of the mutation.

Question 18

In eukaryotic cells, where does translation occur?

Accepted Answer

On free ribosomes in the cytosol or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding the directionality of translation?

Accepted Answer

mRNA is read from 5' to 3', and the polypeptide is synthesized from N terminus to C terminus.

Bio 100 LEC Chapter 17 Module 4-5

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