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Ch. 27 - Diversification of Eukaryotes
Freeman - Biological Science 8th Edition
Freeman8th EditionBiological ScienceISBN: 9780138276263당신이 사용하는 게 아니라요?교과서 변경
모든 교과서Freeman 8th EditionCh. 27 - Diversification of Eukaryotes문제 9
27장, 문제 9

Consider the following:
Plasmodium has an unusual organelle called an apicoplast. Recent research has shown that apicoplasts are derived from chloroplasts via secondary endosymbiosis and have a large number of genes related to chloroplast DNA.
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides. It works by poisoning an enzyme located in chloroplasts.
Biologists are testing the hypothesis that glyphosate could be used as an antimalarial drug in humans.
How are these observations connected?

검증된 단계별 안내
1
Understand the concept of secondary endosymbiosis: This is a process where a eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis, leading to the formation of organelles like apicoplasts in Plasmodium.
Recognize the origin of apicoplasts: Apicoplasts in Plasmodium are derived from chloroplasts, which means they share similarities in structure and function, including the presence of genes related to chloroplast DNA.
Identify the target of glyphosate: Glyphosate is known to inhibit an enzyme in chloroplasts, which is crucial for the survival of plants. This enzyme is involved in the shikimate pathway, essential for the synthesis of certain amino acids.
Connect the dots between glyphosate and apicoplasts: Since apicoplasts are derived from chloroplasts, they may possess similar enzymes or pathways that glyphosate can target, potentially disrupting the function of the apicoplast in Plasmodium.
Evaluate the hypothesis: The hypothesis suggests that if glyphosate can inhibit the enzyme in apicoplasts similar to its action in chloroplasts, it could potentially serve as an antimalarial drug by impairing the survival of Plasmodium in humans.

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주요 개념

질문에 올바르게 답하기 위해 반드시 이해해야 하는 핵심 개념들은 다음과 같습니다.

Apicoplast

An apicoplast is a unique organelle found in Plasmodium, the parasite responsible for malaria. It is believed to have originated from chloroplasts through secondary endosymbiosis, a process where a eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell that has already engulfed a prokaryote. The apicoplast retains many genes related to chloroplast DNA, indicating its evolutionary history and functional similarities to chloroplasts.

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Secondary endosymbiosis is an evolutionary process where a eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell that contains a primary endosymbiont, such as a chloroplast. This process leads to the formation of complex organelles like the apicoplast in Plasmodium. It explains the presence of chloroplast-related genes in apicoplasts, highlighting the evolutionary link between these organelles and chloroplasts.
추천 영상:
02:37
Secondary Endosymbiosis Led to Several Eukaryotic Lineages

Glyphosate and Chloroplasts

Glyphosate is a herbicide that targets an enzyme involved in the shikimate pathway, which is crucial for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in chloroplasts. Since apicoplasts in Plasmodium share similarities with chloroplasts, researchers hypothesize that glyphosate could disrupt the apicoplast's function, potentially serving as an antimalarial treatment. This connection is based on the shared biochemical pathways between chloroplasts and apicoplasts.
추천 영상:
03:16
Chloroplasts
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Why was finding a close relationship between mitochondrial DNA and bacterial DNA considered particularly strong evidence in favor of the endosymbiosis theory?

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When placed at the perimeter of a maze with food in the center, the plasmodial slime mold Physarum polycephalum explores the maze, retracts branches from dead-end corridors, and then grows exclusively along the shortest path possible to the food. How does Physarum do this? One theory is that it leaves behind slime deposits—an externalized 'memory' that 'reminds' it not to retry dead ends. Which of the following best describes movement in Physarum?

a. Cilia propel the slime mold.

b. Flagella propel the slime mold.

c. The slime mold moves by amoeboid motion.

d. The slime mold moves by gliding motility.

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교과서 질문

<Image>

When placed at the perimeter of a maze with food in the center, the plasmodial slime mold Physarum polycephalum explores the maze, retracts branches from dead-end corridors, and then grows exclusively along the shortest path possible to the food. How does Physarum do this? One theory is that it leaves behind slime deposits—an externalized 'memory' that 'reminds' it not to retry dead ends.

Physarum is a plasmodial slime mold, whereas Dictyostelum is a cellular slime mold. Compare and contrast movement by the migrating slug stage of Dictyostelium to the plasmodial stage of Physarum.

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