Vancomycin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis primarily by which of the following molecular interactions?

Forming pores in the inner membrane which cause dissipation of proton motive force and indirectly inhibit peptidoglycan polymerase activity due to collapse of energy-dependent transport systems.

Acting as a competitive substrate for MurA enzyme, thereby increasing the turnover of UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid and causing depletion of cytoplasmic precursors that stops peptidoglycan synthesis.

Binding tightly to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycan precursors, blocking transglycosylation and preventing incorporation of subunits into the growing cell wall.

Chelating divalent cations in the periplasm that are essential cofactors for penicillin-binding proteins, thereby preventing all PBP-catalyzed reactions including transpeptidation.