Analyze the potential macroeconomic impacts over a generation in a country where 23% of children under five are stunted. Which effects are most plausible and why?

Immediate increase in national GDP due to shorter adult height reducing food consumption per capita even though cognitive function remains unchanged.

Only a temporary disruption in labor markets for five years after childhood, after which affected cohorts catch up fully in productivity and schooling outcomes.

No measurable macroeconomic impact because adult compensation mechanisms fully offset any childhood growth deficits in modern economies.

Reduced adult productivity, lower school achievement and lifetime earnings, higher health care costs, and slowed economic growth because stunting impairs cognitive development and physical capacity from early life onward.