Question 1

Which of the following best describes osmosis in the context of human physiology?

Accepted Answer

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle cramps, confusion, and dizziness after running a marathon and drinking excessive amounts of water without electrolyte replacement. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 3

Which equation best represents the relationship between osmotic pressure ($$\Pi$$), solute concentration ($$C$$), the gas constant ($$R$$), and temperature ($$T$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = CRT$$

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a major function of water in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Providing energy for cellular metabolism

Question 5

A person living in a hot climate who exercises intensely will likely need to:

Accepted Answer

Increase their daily water intake above the Adequate Intake (AI) recommendations.

Question 6

Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands to increase sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 7

The sodium-potassium pump is essential for:

Accepted Answer

Maintaining fluid balance by exchanging $$3 \ \mathrm{Na}^+$$ ions out of the cell for $$2 \ \mathrm{K}^+$$ ions into the cell using ATP.

Question 8

Which dietary pattern is recommended to reduce hypertension and why?

Accepted Answer

The DASH diet, because it is low in sodium and high in potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about beverage consumption in the United States is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Beverages do not make you full; they satiate your thirst.

Question 10

A patient with cystic fibrosis has salty skin and frequent respiratory infections. This is primarily due to:

Accepted Answer

A mutation in a protein that transports chloride ions out of the cell.

Question 11

Which of the following is a symptom of hypokalemia?

Accepted Answer

Muscle weakness and cramps

Question 12

If a person’s blood osmolality increases, which sequence of events is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Thirst is triggered, ADH is released, and water reabsorption in the kidneys increases.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why water is called the 'universal solvent'?

Accepted Answer

More substances dissolve in water than in any other fluid.

Question 14

Which of the following is a direct effect of excessive alcohol intake on nutrient status?

Accepted Answer

Impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients, leading to micronutrient deficiencies.

Question 15

A person with sustained blood pressure readings of $$150/95$$ mmHg is classified as having:

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Question 16

Which of the following is a recommended strategy to reduce sodium intake?

Accepted Answer

Read labels and choose processed foods lower in salt.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about caffeine is supported by scientific evidence?

Accepted Answer

Higher consumption of caffeine is associated with a reduced risk for type 2 diabetes and Parkinson’s disease.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of potassium in the body?

Accepted Answer

It is the most abundant positively charged ion inside cells and helps restore normal membrane potential after muscle contraction.

Question 19

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the majority of sodium reabsorption in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Active transport via the sodium-potassium pump

Question 20

A person who replaces most of their daily caloric intake with alcoholic beverages is at greatest risk for which deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Water deficiency (dehydration)

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Essential Concepts for Nutrition Students

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