Physics with Calculus
The negative sign indicates potential decreases in the direction of the electric field, and the dot product selects the component of EE along the path element dldl
The negative sign means the final potential must be negative, and the dot product removes all directional information from the field
The negative sign is required only for nonuniform fields, and the dot product converts a scalar potential into a vector quantity
The negative sign shows that electric field and potential always have opposite magnitudes, and the dot product makes the result depend only on path length