Ch 13: Newton's Theory of Gravity

Knight Calc - Physics for Scientists and Engineers 5th Edition

Knight Calc5th EditionPhysics for Scientists and EngineersISBN: 9780137344796당신이 사용하는 게 아니라요?교과서 변경

Knight Calc 5th Edition

Ch 13: Newton's Theory of Gravity

문제 30

13장, 문제 30

A small moon orbits its planet in a circular orbit at a speed of 7.5 km/s. It takes 28 hours to complete one full orbit. What is the mass of the planet?

검증된 단계별 안내

Step 1: Convert the orbital period from hours to seconds. Since there are 3600 seconds in an hour, multiply 28 hours by 3600 to get the orbital period in seconds.

Step 2: Use the relationship between the orbital speed, radius, and period of the orbit. The orbital speed \( v \) is related to the radius \( r \) and period \( T \) by the formula \( v = \frac{2 \pi r}{T} \). Rearrange this formula to solve for the radius \( r \): \( r = \frac{v T}{2 \pi} \).

Step 3: Apply Newton's law of gravitation and centripetal force to relate the mass of the planet \( M \) to the orbital radius \( r \) and speed \( v \). The gravitational force provides the centripetal force: \( \frac{G M m}{r^2} = \frac{m v^2}{r} \), where \( G \) is the gravitational constant and \( m \) is the mass of the moon (which cancels out). Rearrange to solve for \( M \): \( M = \frac{v^2 r}{G} \).

Step 4: Substitute the values for \( v \), \( r \), and \( G \) into the formula for \( M \). Use \( G = 6.674 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{m}^3 \text{kg}^{-1} \text{s}^{-2} \), and ensure all units are consistent (convert \( v \) from km/s to m/s and \( r \) to meters).

Step 5: Perform the calculations step by step to find the mass of the planet. Ensure proper unit conversions and verify the intermediate results for accuracy.

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주요 개념

질문에 올바르게 답하기 위해 반드시 이해해야 하는 핵심 개념들은 다음과 같습니다.

Centripetal Force

Centripetal force is the net force acting on an object moving in a circular path, directed towards the center of the circle. For an object in orbit, this force is provided by the gravitational attraction between the planet and the moon. The formula for centripetal force can be expressed as F = mv²/r, where m is the mass of the orbiting object, v is its orbital speed, and r is the radius of the orbit.

Gravitational Force

Gravitational force is the attractive force between two masses, described by Newton's law of universal gravitation. The force can be calculated using the formula F = G(m₁m₂)/r², where G is the gravitational constant, m₁ and m₂ are the masses of the two objects, and r is the distance between their centers. In this scenario, the gravitational force provides the necessary centripetal force for the moon's orbit.

Orbital Mechanics

Orbital mechanics is the study of the motion of objects in space under the influence of gravitational forces. It encompasses concepts such as orbital speed, period, and the relationship between the mass of the central body and the characteristics of the orbiting body. Understanding these principles allows us to derive important relationships, such as how the mass of the planet can be determined from the moon's orbital speed and period.

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