Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a parameter and a statistic?

Accepted Answer

A parameter is a numerical value calculated from a population, while a statistic is calculated from a sample.

Question 2

A researcher collects the heights of every student in a university. Is this data set a population or a sample?

Accepted Answer

Population

Question 3

A survey of 50 randomly selected gym members finds an average workout duration of 45 minutes. Is this value a parameter or a statistic?

Accepted Answer

Statistic

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

Accepted Answer

The favorite color of each student in a class

Question 5

Which of the following is a discrete quantitative variable?

Accepted Answer

The number of cars in a parking lot

Question 6

A researcher records the birth years of participants (e.g., 1990, 1985, 2001). What is the level of measurement for this data?

Accepted Answer

Interval

Question 7

Participants rate their satisfaction on a scale from 1 to 5. What is the level of measurement?

Accepted Answer

Ordinal

Question 8

Which level of measurement can describe both qualitative and quantitative data?

Accepted Answer

Ordinal

Question 9

A scientist measures the temperature of water at several points during an experiment and claims the water is twice as hot at 80°F as it was at 40°F. Why is this calculation incorrect?

Accepted Answer

Temperature in Fahrenheit is an interval level of measurement, so ratios are not meaningful.

Question 10

A hospital records the birth weights of newborns. What type of data is this and what is the level of measurement?

Accepted Answer

Quantitative; Ratio

Question 11

A company wants to test if a new training program increases employee productivity. They randomly assign half the employees to the new program and compare results. What type of study is this, and can causation be inferred?

Accepted Answer

Experiment; Yes, causation can be inferred

Question 12

A store surveys its target demographic and finds that 86% would purchase a new product. Is this an experiment or an observational study, and can causation be concluded?

Accepted Answer

Observational study; No, causation cannot be concluded

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a simple random sample?

Accepted Answer

Randomly selecting individuals so that each subject and each possible group is equally likely to be chosen

Question 14

A quality control manager inspects every 12th cookie produced in a bakery. What type of sampling method is this?

Accepted Answer

Systematic sampling

Question 15

A university surveys 50 random undergraduates and 50 random graduate students. What type of sampling method is this?

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling

Question 16

A manager randomly selects one class per grade in a school and surveys every student in the selected class. What sampling method is this?

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling

Question 17

A quality control manager selects every tenth unit produced on the line and inspects it. What type of sampling method is this?

Accepted Answer

Systematic sampling

Question 18

A researcher uses a random number generator to select 100 out of 1500 units produced in a day for inspection. What type of sampling method is this?

Accepted Answer

Simple random sampling

Question 19

A quality control manager takes 10 random units from each of 10 machines to test for defects. What type of sampling method is this?

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling

Introduction to Statistics and Collecting Data: Core Concepts and Methods

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