What is the primary difference in the effects of price ceilings and floors on market equilibrium?

• A. Both price ceilings and floors lead to increased trade quantities.
• B. Both price ceilings and floors have no effect on market equilibrium.
• C. Price ceilings lead to surpluses, while price floors lead to shortages.
• D. Price ceilings lead to shortages, while price floors lead to surpluses.

Answer: (D)