Q: Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating blood pressure?

$$\text{Blood Pressure} = \text{Cardiac Output} \times \text{Peripheral Resistance}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendineae in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the backflow of blood by keeping the valve leaflets closed during ventricular contraction.

Question 2

A patient presents with swelling in the lower legs and distended jugular veins. Which condition is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Right-sided congestive heart failure

Question 3

Which blood vessel type is primarily responsible for exchanging gases, nutrients, and waste products with tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 4

During a manual blood pressure measurement, the first sound heard through the stethoscope corresponds to which value?

Accepted Answer

Systolic pressure

Question 5

Which of the following correctly traces the path of blood through the heart and lungs, starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium

Question 6

Which structure acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 7

A patient is diagnosed with atherosclerosis. What is the primary pathological change occurring in their arteries?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of atheromatous plaque narrowing the arterial lumen

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why veins have valves but arteries do not?

Accepted Answer

Valves in veins prevent backflow of blood due to lower pressure and gravity.

Question 9

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is defined as the period when the heart muscle is relaxed and the chambers fill with blood?

Accepted Answer

Diastole

Question 10

A patient is prescribed a beta-blocker and a diuretic for hypertension. What is the primary goal of this treatment?

Accepted Answer

To decrease blood pressure and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications

Question 11

Which diagnostic procedure uses sound waves to create images of the heart’s structure and function?

Accepted Answer

Echocardiography

Question 12

Which of the following arrhythmias is characterized by a rapid, irregular, and uncoordinated contraction of the ventricles, as seen on an ECG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular fibrillation

Question 13

A balloon angioplasty is performed to treat which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis causing arterial narrowing

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating heart rate?

Accepted Answer

It releases norepinephrine and stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete epinephrine, increasing heart rate.

Question 15

Which heart valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Mitral valve

Question 16

A patient with a dissecting abdominal aortic aneurysm is at risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Sudden rupture and internal bleeding

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Blood Pressure} = 	ext{Cardiac Output} 	imes 	ext{Peripheral Resistance}$$

Question 18

Which of the following drugs was originally derived from the foxglove plant and is used to treat certain heart conditions?

Accepted Answer

Digitalis

Question 19

A stent is most commonly used in which of the following procedures?

Accepted Answer

To keep an artery open after angioplasty

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?

Accepted Answer

Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart; pulmonary circulation exchanges gases in the lungs.

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