Inflammation can stimulate nerve endings and can lead to which of the following inflammation characteristics?

A 50-year-old man presents with redness, swelling, and pain in his right knee following an injury while playing tennis. He has no significant medical history. Which of the following is the primary chemical mediator responsible for the pain in this patient’s inflammatory response?

A 65-year-old woman presents with fever, fatigue, and weight loss. Laboratory tests show elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), suggesting systemic inflammation. Which cytokine is most likely driving the acute-phase response in this patient’s systemic inflammation?

A 34-year-old woman presents with a swollen, painful wrist after an insect bite 2 days ago. The skin around the bite is warm, red, and tender. There is no pus, and she has no systemic symptoms. Which cardinal sign of inflammation is directly related to increased vascular permeability?