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Microbiology Exam 4 Study Guide

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  • Major skin layers and their role in defense

    The skin layers are epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. They provide physical barriers, with keratin and sebum contributing to protection against pathogens.

  • Role of tears and lacrimal ducts in eye defense

    Tears contain enzymes and antimicrobial substances that protect the eye. Lacrimal ducts help flush out pathogens to prevent infections.

  • Common skin lesion types used for diagnosis

    Skin lesions include macule, papule, pustule, vesicle, and ulcer. They help in diagnosis but are not specific to pathogens.

  • Staphylococcus aureus skin infections

    Causes furuncles, carbuncles, abscesses, SSSS (Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome), and impetigo.

  • Streptococcus pyogenes skin infections

    Causes cellulitis, erysipelas, erythema nodosum, and necrotizing fasciitis.

  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin infections

    Causes hot tub folliculitis and otitis (ear infection).

  • Propionibacterium acnes infection

    Causes acne by infecting hair follicles and sebaceous glands.

  • Bacillus anthracis skin infection

    Causes anthrax, a serious skin infection with characteristic black eschar lesions.

  • Bacterial causes of eye infections

    Haemophilus influenzae causes bacterial conjunctivitis; Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes ophthalmia neonatorum; Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma.

  • Viral skin infections covered

    HPV causes warts; HSV causes cold sores, oral herpes, and keratitis; Roseola and Fifth Disease are caused by human herpesvirus and parvovirus respectively.

  • Fungal skin infections

    Trichophyton spp. causes tinea infections; Aspergillus sp. causes cutaneous aspergillosis; Candida spp. causes candidiasis of nails and skin.

  • Protozoan skin infection

    Acanthamoeba spp. causes Acanthamoeba keratitis, a serious eye infection.

  • Upper vs lower respiratory tract defenses

    The upper respiratory tract includes nose and throat; the lower respiratory tract includes trachea and lungs. The mucociliary escalator and goblet cells produce mucus to trap and remove pathogens.

  • Transmission of respiratory pathogens

    Respiratory infections spread mainly via droplets and aerosols. Close contact increases transmission risk.

  • Bacterial respiratory infections and agents

    Streptococcus pyogenes causes strep throat and scarlet fever; Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia and otitis media; Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria; Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis.

  • Viral respiratory infections

    Includes Influenza virus (HA and NA proteins), SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), RSV, Measles (rubeola), Rubella (German measles), and Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox and shingles).

  • Fungal respiratory infections

    Histoplasmosis from bird droppings; Coccidioidomycosis from soil spores; Aspergillosis opportunistic; Pneumocystis in immunocompromised patients.

  • Urogenital anatomy and infection risk

    Female urethra is shorter, increasing UTI risk. Urine dipstick tests detect infection indicators.

  • Bacterial urinary tract infections

    Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis; Ureaplasma urealyticum causes nongonococcal urethritis.

  • Bacterial reproductive tract infections

    Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea; Chlamydia trachomatis causes chlamydia and LGV; Haemophilus ducreyi causes chancroid; Treponema pallidum causes syphilis with primary, secondary, and tertiary stages.

  • Viral urogenital infections

    Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) causes latent and recurrent infections; Human Papillomavirus (HPV) causes warts and increases cancer risk.

  • Fungal and protozoan urogenital infections

    Candida albicans causes candidiasis; Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, a motile protozoan infection.