An infant formula manufacturer claims their product now includes added immunoglobulins and live probiotics to mimic breast milk. As a nutrition analyst, which critical evaluation most accurately reflects limitations of this claim?

• A. Adding isolated immunoglobulins to formula perfectly reproduces maternal antibody specificity and function, so formula with added antibodies is indistinguishable from fresh breast milk in clinical immunologic outcomes.
• B. The only meaningful difference between breast milk and formula is cost; immunological factors have no measurable impact on infant morbidity or mortality in modern clinical settings.
• C. While added components may provide some benefits, breast milk contains dynamic, tailored immune cells, cytokines, and bioactive factors that change over time and in response to maternal/infant exposures—attributes not fully replicated by static formula additions.
• D. Probiotics in a formula will colonize the infant gut identically to breast milk bacteria and therefore instantly provide equivalent lifelong allergy protection, making original breast milk advantages irrelevant.

Answer: (C)