A patient recovering from surgery is in a state of positive nitrogen balance. Which clinical situation most likely explains this finding?

• A. The patient has untreated severe infection causing net protein loss despite feeding
• B. The patient is receiving increased protein and calories to support tissue repair and synthesis during recovery
• C. The patient is experiencing prolonged starvation with muscle wasting and catabolism
• D. The patient has a chronic illness with ongoing negative energy balance and reduced intake

Answer: (B)