Protein Structure definitions Flashcards
Protein Structure definitions
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Amino Acid Organic molecule with a central carbon bonded to an amine group, carboxylic acid group, hydrogen, and a unique side chain. Central Carbon Atom at the core of every amino acid, bonded to four distinct chemical groups, forming the backbone of protein structure. Amine Group Nitrogen-containing group attached to the central carbon in amino acids, contributing to protein's nitrogen content. Carboxylic Acid Group Acidic functional group in amino acids, bonded to the central carbon, essential for peptide bond formation. R Group Variable side chain in amino acids that determines each one's unique properties and chemical behavior. Essential Amino Acids Nine amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through dietary sources. Primary Structure Linear sequence and order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, dictating all higher levels of protein structure. Secondary Structure Local folding patterns in a protein's backbone, commonly forming alpha helices and beta sheets. Alpha Helix Spiral-shaped secondary structure in proteins, resembling a winding staircase, stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Beta Sheet Zigzag-shaped secondary structure in proteins, formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone segments. Tertiary Structure Overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, determined mainly by side chain interactions. Quaternary Structure Association of multiple polypeptide chains into a single functional protein complex. Polypeptide Chain Long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming the primary structure of proteins. Denaturation Process that disrupts a protein's structure and shape, causing loss of function without altering amino acid sequence. Globular Protein Compact, spherical protein shape, often associated with dynamic biological functions like transport. Fibrous Protein Elongated, rope-like protein structure, typically providing structural support in tissues.
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