Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis in carbohydrate digestion?

Accepted Answer

It adds water to break a disaccharide into two monosaccharides.

Question 2

Which monosaccharide is the primary energy source for the brain and red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 3

A patient with lactose intolerance experiences bloating and diarrhea after consuming milk. What is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Insufficient production of lactase enzyme in the small intestine

Question 4

Which of the following statements about fiber is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Soluble fiber binds bile acids, lowering blood cholesterol.

Question 5

Which transporter is responsible for the active absorption of glucose and galactose in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

SGLT1

Question 6

A person consumes a meal high in carbohydrates. Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering their blood glucose levels postprandially?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the fate of fructose after absorption?

Accepted Answer

It is converted in the liver to intermediates for glycolysis or triglyceride synthesis.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct equation for the condensation (dehydration synthesis) reaction forming a disaccharide?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + C_6H_{12}O_6$ \rightarrow C$$_{12}$$H_{22}O$$_{11} + H_2O$

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Family history

Question 10

A patient with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus requires which of the following treatments to maintain blood glucose homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Subcutaneous insulin injections

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells rely exclusively on glucose for energy?

Accepted Answer

They lack mitochondria and can only metabolize glucose anaerobically.

Question 12

Which of the following is a recommended dietary intake for fiber for adult males?

Accepted Answer

38 grams per day

Question 13

Which of the following statements about artificial sweeteners is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

They do not contribute to dental caries because they are not fermentable.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) in glucose regulation?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates insulin secretion and reduces hunger.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of insoluble fiber in the diet?

Accepted Answer

Increases fecal bulk and alleviates constipation

Question 16

A food label states that a serving contains 20 grams of total carbohydrate and 4 grams of fiber. If the serving provides 100 kcal, what percentage of calories comes from total carbohydrate? (Assume 4 kcal/g for carbohydrate)

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{20 	imes 4}{100} 	imes 100 = 80\%$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids

Question 18

Which of the following is a health effect associated with excessive fiber intake (\u003e40 g/day)?

Accepted Answer

Abdominal discomfort and risk of GI obstruction

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct sequence for carbohydrate digestion and absorption?

Accepted Answer

Mouth (amylase) → Stomach (acid halts amylase) → Small intestine (pancreatic amylase, disaccharidases) → Absorption

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the Western diet is associated with increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Accepted Answer

It is high in carbohydrates and fats, leading to increased glucose, vLDLs, and inflammation.

Carbohydrates: Structure, Digestion, Physiology, and Health Effects

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