Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why fiber is not considered a source of calories for humans?

Accepted Answer

Fiber is indigestible by human enzymes and is either excreted or fermented by gut microbiota, producing minimal energy.

Question 2

A patient with congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID) is unable to digest which of the following disaccharides, and what dietary change is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Sucrose; limit intake of table sugar and processed foods containing sucrose

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism after a meal?

Accepted Answer

Insulin signals the fed state, promoting glucose uptake and storage as glycogen.

Question 4

A food has a glycemic index (GI) of 80 and contains 30 grams of carbohydrate per serving. What is its glycemic load (GL)? Use the formula $GL = \frac{GI 	imes 	ext{carbohydrate (g)}}{100}$.

Accepted Answer

$GL = 24$

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct match between carbohydrate type and its digestibility by human enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Lactose – digestible by human enzymes unless lactase is deficient

Question 6

A person consumes a meal high in simple sugars. Which of the following is the most likely sequence of physiological events?

Accepted Answer

Blood glucose rises, insulin is released, glucose is taken up by cells, and excess is stored as glycogen.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why individuals with untreated Type 1 diabetes are at risk for ketosis?

Accepted Answer

They lack insulin, so cells cannot take up glucose and must break down fat for energy, producing ketones.

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of soluble fiber in the human body?

Accepted Answer

It helps lower blood cholesterol and maintain blood glucose levels.

Question 9

A patient presents with symptoms of hypoglycemia after a high-carbohydrate meal. Which is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The pancreas secreted too much insulin, causing rapid uptake of glucose and a drop in blood glucose.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between alpha and beta glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Alpha bonds (as in starch) are digestible by human enzymes, while beta bonds (as in cellulose) are not.

Question 11

A 25-year-old male consumes 2,500 kcal per day. According to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR), what is the minimum number of calories he should consume from carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

$1,375$ kcal

Question 12

Which of the following is a likely consequence of a diet chronically low in carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Increased gluconeogenesis and potential breakdown of body proteins

Question 13

Which of the following foods is most likely to contain raffinose, an oligosaccharide that may cause gas due to incomplete digestion?

Accepted Answer

Legumes (such as beans)

Question 14

A person with a deficiency in the enzyme lactase would have difficulty digesting which of the following foods?

Accepted Answer

Milk

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the fate of excess glucose in the body after glycogen stores are full?

Accepted Answer

It is converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue.

Question 16

Which of the following is a recommended strategy for reducing the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Consume more fiber-rich whole grains and engage in regular physical activity.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about glycogen is correct?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles and can be rapidly broken down to maintain blood glucose.

Question 18

A patient with a glycogen storage disease affecting the enzyme that releases glucose from glycogen is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why high intake of added sugars is associated with increased triglyceride formation?

Accepted Answer

Insulin stimulates the conversion of excess glucose to fatty acids, which are then stored as triglycerides.

Question 20

Which of the following is a key recommendation from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans regarding carbohydrate intake?

Accepted Answer

Consume less than 10% of total calories from added sugars.

Carbohydrates: The Preferred Energy Nutrients – Structure, Types, and Digestion

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