Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the hormone leptin in regulating hunger and satiety?

Accepted Answer

Leptin is produced by fat cells and signals satiety; obese people are often resistant to its effects.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing frequent heartburn, chest pain, and regurgitation after eating spicy foods. Which condition is most likely responsible, and what is a common dietary recommendation?

Accepted Answer

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); avoid trigger foods such as spicy, fatty, and caffeinated items.

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the digestive tract organs, starting from the mouth?

Accepted Answer

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the breakdown of carbohydrates by salivary amylase in the mouth?

Accepted Answer

$C_{12}H_{22}O_{11} + H_2O \rightarrow 2C_6H_{12}O_6$

Question 5

A person has difficulty digesting milk due to a lack of the enzyme lactase. What type of food issue is this, and what is the recommended treatment?

Accepted Answer

Food intolerance; avoid trigger foods or use lactase supplements.

Question 6

Which organ is primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients, including amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, into the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Small intestine

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the process of emulsification in digestion?

Accepted Answer

Emulsification breaks down large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing surface area for digestive enzymes.

Question 8

A patient presents with infrequent bowel movements, straining, and hard stools. Which dietary recommendation is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Increase intake of fiber and water, and encourage regular exercise.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a common allergenic food?

Accepted Answer

Rice

Question 10

Which structure in the small intestine is responsible for absorbing remaining nutrients and bile salts before waste enters the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Ileum

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the gallbladder?

Accepted Answer

Stores and concentrates bile, releasing it into the small intestine.

Question 12

Which phase of digestion involves hunger and appetite working together to prepare the GI tract for food intake?

Accepted Answer

Cephalic phase

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct order of organization from smallest to largest in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Question 14

Which of the following is a symptom of celiac disease?

Accepted Answer

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nutrient deficiencies

Question 15

Which of the following best distinguishes between food allergy and food intolerance?

Accepted Answer

Food allergy involves the immune system; food intolerance does not.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct formula for glucose, a simple sugar absorbed in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

$C_6H_{12}O_6$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Compacts waste material and absorbs water and electrolytes from remaining indigestible food matter.

Question 18

A person eats a meal high in fiber and water. Which type of food is this, and what is its effect on satiety?

Accepted Answer

High-fiber food; increases feelings of fullness and satiety.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the lymphatic system in nutrient absorption?

Accepted Answer

Absorbs and transports dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine into the bloodstream.

Digestive System and Nutrition: Study Guide

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