Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between oxidation and reduction in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons.

Question 2

A patient presents with fatigue, pale skin, and spoon-shaped nails. Laboratory tests reveal microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Which nutrient deficiency is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Iron

Question 3

Which of the following nutrients acts as an antioxidant and is found in high concentrations in citrus fruits?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 4

Which of the following statements about sodium and potassium is correct?

Accepted Answer

Sodium is the primary extracellular cation, and potassium is the primary intracellular cation.

Question 5

A deficiency in which vitamin is associated with the development of neural tube defects during fetal development?

Accepted Answer

Folate

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why maintaining electrolyte balance is critical for cellular function?

Accepted Answer

Electrolyte concentration determines the direction of water movement across cell membranes, affecting cell volume and function.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of vitamin K in the body?

Accepted Answer

Acts as a coenzyme in blood clotting

Question 8

A patient with a vegan diet develops numbness and tingling in the hands and feet, along with megaloblastic anemia. Which nutrient is most likely deficient, and why?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12, because it is primarily found in animal-derived foods

Question 9

Which of the following minerals is a major component of bone tissue and is also necessary for muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Calcium

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between heme and non-heme iron?

Accepted Answer

Heme iron is found in animal foods and is more readily absorbed than non-heme iron, which is found in plant foods.

Question 11

A person with elevated homocysteine levels is at increased risk for which condition, and which vitamins are involved in its metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Cardiovascular disease; vitamins B6, B12, and folate

Question 12

Which of the following is a good food source of potassium?

Accepted Answer

Bananas

Question 13

Which of the following nutrients is especially important for a pregnant woman to prevent neural tube defects and support fetal development?

Accepted Answer

Folate

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They break down bone matrix, releasing minerals into the blood.

Question 15

A patient presents with bleeding gums, poor wound healing, and pinpoint hemorrhages. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 16

Which of the following is a primary function of iron in hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Binds and transports oxygen in red blood cells

Question 17

Which of the following is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency

Question 18

Which of the following nutrients is involved in energy metabolism as a coenzyme in the conversion of macronutrients to ATP?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B6

Question 19

Which of the following is a good food source of fluoride?

Accepted Answer

Tap water

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with pernicious anemia. Which nutrient is deficient, and what is a key step in its absorption?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12; requires intrinsic factor for absorption

Exam 3 Nutrition Review – Step-by-Step Study Guidance

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