Q: Which of the following equations correctly estimates the amount of fluid (in liters) needed to replenish after exercise, given a sweat loss of $$x kg$$?

$$Fluid\ needed = x \times 1.25$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity than water-soluble vitamins?

Accepted Answer

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and adipose tissue, so excess intake can accumulate to toxic levels.

Question 2

A patient presents with night blindness and frequent infections. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely responsible, and what is a primary food source to recommend?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin A; recommend carrots and sweet potatoes.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of antioxidants among the vitamins?

Accepted Answer

Antioxidants neutralize free radicals by donating electrons, and vitamins C, E, and beta-carotene perform this function.

Question 4

A 35-year-old vegan is at risk for which water-soluble vitamin deficiency, and what is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12; risk of pernicious anemia due to lack of intrinsic factor-mediated absorption.

Question 5

Which of the following factors would most likely decrease the bioavailability of a mineral in a meal?

Accepted Answer

High intake of phytates from whole grains binding to minerals.

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with hypertension. Which dietary approach is most effective in lowering blood pressure, and what is a key mineral involved?

Accepted Answer

DASH diet; increased potassium intake.

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly estimates the amount of fluid (in liters) needed to replenish after exercise, given a sweat loss of $$x kg$$?

Accepted Answer

$$Fluid\ needed = x 	imes 1.25$$

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why nonheme iron is less bioavailable than heme iron?

Accepted Answer

Nonheme iron is more affected by dietary inhibitors such as phytates and polyphenols.

Question 9

A patient presents with muscle cramps, confusion, and irregular heartbeat after taking diuretics. Which mineral imbalance is most likely, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Potassium deficiency; diuretics increase urinary potassium loss.

Question 10

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the interrelationship between water-soluble vitamins?

Accepted Answer

A deficiency in vitamin B6 impairs the conversion of tryptophan to niacin, increasing risk of pellagra.

Question 11

Which of the following is a primary function of vitamin D in the body?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of calcium and phosphorus absorption for bone health.

Question 12

A patient with osteoporosis is advised to increase intake of which two minerals, and what is their role in bone health?

Accepted Answer

Calcium and phosphorus; both are major components of hydroxyapatite in bone matrix.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which the body maintains water balance?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the kidneys when blood osmolality rises.

Question 14

Which of the following is a sign of water intoxication rather than dehydration?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia (low blood sodium) leading to confusion and seizures.

Question 15

A patient with anemia is found to have microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Which nutrient deficiency is most likely, and what is a key food source?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency; recommend red meat and legumes.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why dietary supplements are not always necessary for healthy individuals?

Accepted Answer

Most people can meet their nutrient needs through a balanced diet, and excess supplementation can cause toxicity.

Question 17

Which of the following factors would most likely increase the vitamin content of a food during storage?

Accepted Answer

Storing food in a cool, dark place to reduce heat and light exposure.

Question 18

A patient consumes large amounts of alcohol and develops Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Which vitamin deficiency is implicated, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Thiamin (vitamin B1); coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of caffeine and alcohol on fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

Both act as diuretics, increasing urine output and risk of dehydration.

Question 20

A patient with a history of gastric bypass surgery is at increased risk for which nutrient deficiency, and why?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12; reduced intrinsic factor and absorption in the ileum.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins, Water-Soluble Vitamins, Major Minerals, Trace Minerals, and Water: Study Guide

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