Q: The sodium-potassium pump maintains fluid balance by exchanging ions across the cell membrane. Which equation best represents the pump’s activity?

$3\text{Na}^+_{\text{out}} : 2\text{K}^+_{\text{in}}$

Q: Which equation best represents the desirable range for blood pressure in adults?

$90/60 \leq \text{BP} \leq 120/80 \text{ mmHg}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes osmosis in the context of fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle cramps, confusion, and dizziness after running a marathon and consuming excessive water. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 3

Which equation best represents the calculation of osmotic pressure ($\Pi$) across a membrane, given solute concentration ($C$), gas constant ($R$), and temperature ($T$)?

Accepted Answer

$\Pi = CRT$

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a major function of water in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Primary source of energy

Question 5

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell’s water volume?

Accepted Answer

Water will enter the cell, causing it to swell.

Question 6

Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus to decrease urine output and conserve water in response to increased blood osmolality?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 7

If a person consumes 1.5 liters of fluid and 700 milliliters from solid foods daily, but loses 2.5 liters of water per day, what is the net water balance?

Accepted Answer

Net loss of 0.3 liters

Question 8

Which electrolyte is most abundant inside cells and is essential for restoring membrane potential after muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Potassium

Question 9

The sodium-potassium pump maintains fluid balance by exchanging ions across the cell membrane. Which equation best represents the pump’s activity?

Accepted Answer

$3	ext{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} : 2	ext{K}^+_{	ext{in}}$

Question 10

Which dietary pattern is recommended to reduce hypertension and includes increased intake of potassium, calcium, and magnesium?

Accepted Answer

DASH diet

Question 11

A patient with cystic fibrosis has salty skin and poor digestion. Which electrolyte’s transport is impaired in this disorder?

Accepted Answer

Chloride

Question 12

Which of the following beverages is most likely to contribute to dehydration if consumed in excess?

Accepted Answer

Alcoholic beverages

Question 13

Which physiological event triggers the thirst mechanism in humans?

Accepted Answer

Decrease in blood volume or increase in sodium concentration

Question 14

Which of the following is a consequence of chronic dehydration?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk for kidney and heart disease

Question 15

Which equation best represents the desirable range for blood pressure in adults?

Accepted Answer

$90/60 \leq 	ext{BP} \leq 120/80 	ext{ mmHg}$

Question 16

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the regulation of sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 17

Which of the following statements about beverage consumption in America is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Beverage consumption has shifted toward low- and zero-sugar beverages.

Question 18

Which of the following is a scientifically supported benefit of moderate caffeine intake?

Accepted Answer

Reduced risk for Parkinson’s disease

Question 19

A person with hypokalemia is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Muscle weakness and cramps

Question 20

Which of the following is a plausible reason for why water is termed the 'universal solvent'?

Accepted Answer

Water dissolves more substances than any other fluid.

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Essential Concepts for Nutrition Students

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