Q: A brown bear in Katmai National Park eats 30 sockeye salmon per day, each containing 4,500 calories. How many calories does the bear consume per day? Use the equation $$\text{Total Calories} = \text{Number of Salmon} \times \text{Calories per Salmon}.$$

$$30 \times 4,500 = 135,000$$ calories

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

Question 2

A triglyceride is formed by the combination of which molecules?

Accepted Answer

One glycerol and three fatty acids

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why trans fats are considered harmful to health?

Accepted Answer

They promote fat storage by the liver, increase inflammation, and are associated with cardiovascular disease.

Question 4

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid that must be supplied by the diet?

Accepted Answer

Linoleic acid (Omega-6)

Question 5

During lipid digestion, which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down triglycerides in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Pancreatic lipase

Question 6

What is the main function of bile in the digestion of lipids?

Accepted Answer

To emulsify large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzyme action

Question 7

Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol from body cells back to the liver for recycling or disposal?

Accepted Answer

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 8

A patient has a blood test showing LDL cholesterol of 170 mg/dL and HDL cholesterol of 35 mg/dL. According to current guidelines, what is the most appropriate dietary recommendation?

Accepted Answer

Reduce intake of saturated fats to less than 7% of daily calories and increase fiber and omega-3 fatty acids.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of enterohepatic circulation of bile salts?

Accepted Answer

Bile salts are reabsorbed in the small intestine and returned to the liver for reuse.

Question 10

Which of the following foods is highest in monounsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Olive oil

Question 11

A brown bear in Katmai National Park eats 30 sockeye salmon per day, each containing 4,500 calories. How many calories does the bear consume per day? Use the equation $$	ext{Total Calories} = 	ext{Number of Salmon} 	imes 	ext{Calories per Salmon}.$$

Accepted Answer

$$30 	imes 4,500 = 135,000$$ calories

Question 12

Which of the following statements about phospholipids is correct?

Accepted Answer

They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, making them effective emulsifiers.

Question 13

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease?

Accepted Answer

High blood LDL cholesterol

Question 14

What is the recommended Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat intake as a percentage of daily energy?

Accepted Answer

20 to 35%

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why omega-3 fatty acids are considered beneficial for cardiovascular health?

Accepted Answer

They reduce LDL cholesterol and inflammation, and may protect against heart disease.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of chylomicrons in lipid transport?

Accepted Answer

They transport dietary triglycerides from the intestine to body cells via the lymphatic system.

Question 17

A patient is advised to increase their intake of omega-3 fatty acids. Which food would be the best recommendation?

Accepted Answer

Flaxseed oil

Question 18

Which hormone is released by adipose tissue and helps regulate hunger and satiety?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between cis and trans fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Cis fatty acids have hydrogens on the same side of the double bond, while trans fatty acids have hydrogens on opposite sides.

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of cholesterol in the body?

Accepted Answer

It is a precursor for the synthesis of vitamin D, bile acids, and steroid hormones.

Lipids: Structure, Digestion, Physiology, and Health Effects

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