Question 1

Which of the following best describes a conditionally essential amino acid?

Accepted Answer

An amino acid that is nonessential but can become essential if the body cannot make enough of it under certain conditions.

Question 2

A patient is recovering from surgery and is found to have a positive nitrogen balance. What does this indicate about their protein metabolism?

Accepted Answer

They are retaining more protein than they are losing, which is necessary for recovery.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body?

Accepted Answer

Providing the main source of energy at rest

Question 4

During protein digestion, which enzyme is released by the pancreas to further break down polypeptides in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Chymotrypsin

Question 5

A vegetarian is concerned about getting all essential amino acids. Which concept should they be most aware of?

Accepted Answer

Limiting amino acid

Question 6

Which level of protein structure remains unchanged during denaturation?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 7

Calculate the number of calories from protein in a meal containing 30 grams of protein. Use the formula: $$	ext{Calories from protein} = 	ext{grams of protein} 	imes 4$$

Accepted Answer

$$30 	imes 4 = 120$$ calories

Question 8

Which of the following is a risk associated with excessive protein intake?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of heart disease

Question 9

Which of the following statements about water in the human body is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Males generally have a higher percentage of body water than females.

Question 10

A person is experiencing edema. Which of the following best explains this condition?

Accepted Answer

The body is retaining too much fluid in the tissues.

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted when blood volume is low or osmolality is high, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone; promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 12

Which of the following best describes osmosis in the context of body fluids?

Accepted Answer

Movement of water from a diluted to a high concentration of electrolytes

Question 13

A beverage is labeled as 80 proof. What is the percentage of alcohol by volume in this beverage? Use the formula: $$	ext{Proof} = 2 	imes 	ext{Alcohol \%}$$

Accepted Answer

$$40\%$$

Question 14

Which organ is primarily responsible for metabolizing alcohol in the body?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Question 15

A person consumes a large amount of water in a short period, leading to hyponatremia. What is the physiological explanation for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Excess water dilutes sodium levels in the blood, causing low sodium concentration.

Question 16

Which of the following is a potential health benefit of moderate alcohol consumption?

Accepted Answer

Reduced accumulation of LDL on arterial walls

Question 17

Which of the following statements about electrolytes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Electrolytes are substances that, when dissolved in water, produce electrically charged particles.

Question 18

A person is following a diet where 20% of their daily calories come from protein. If their total daily caloric intake is 2,500 calories, how many grams of protein are they consuming? Use the formulas: $$	ext{Protein calories} = 	ext{Total calories} 	imes 0.20$$ and $$	ext{Grams of protein} = \frac{	ext{Protein calories}}{4}$$

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{2,500 	imes 0.20}{4} = 125$$ grams

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of not eating enough protein?

Accepted Answer

Protein-energy malnutrition, which can shut down essential processes in the body

Question 20

Which of the following statements about water intake is accurate?

Accepted Answer

80% of water intake should come from beverages and 20% from food.

Proteins, Alcohol, and Water: Essential Concepts in Human Nutrition

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