Q: Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the rate of adverse events in a hospital, given $$N_{events}$$ adverse events and $$N_{patients}$$ total patients?

$$Rate = \frac{N_{events}}{N_{patients}} \times 100$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the five principles of the Canada Health Act?

Accepted Answer

Affordability

Question 2

According to the definition of quality in healthcare, which of the following best describes a high-quality health service?

Accepted Answer

A service that increases the likelihood of desired health outcomes and is consistent with current professional knowledge

Question 3

Which of the following statements about medical errors is supported by the 'To Err is Human' report?

Accepted Answer

Most medical errors are caused by system failures rather than individual negligence

Question 4

A hospital implements a new protocol that reduces falls by 40%. Which domain of quality does this improvement most directly address?

Accepted Answer

Safe

Question 5

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the rate of adverse events in a hospital, given $$N_{events}$$ adverse events and $$N_{patients}$$ total patients?

Accepted Answer

$$Rate = \frac{N_{events}}{N_{patients}} 	imes 100$$

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a system-based intervention to improve patient safety?

Accepted Answer

Automating medication dispensing with barcodes

Question 7

The Swiss Cheese Model is used to illustrate which concept in patient safety?

Accepted Answer

How multiple layers of defense can prevent errors, but holes in each layer can align to allow errors through

Question 8

A hospital links executive compensation to quality improvement outcomes. This is an example of which quality oversight mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Governance and accountability

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'marginal gains' in quality improvement?

Accepted Answer

Accumulating many small improvements to achieve significant overall progress

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT one of the six domains of healthcare quality as defined by Health Quality Ontario?

Accepted Answer

Profitable

Question 11

A patient develops an infection after surgery due to improper sterilization of equipment. According to the definition of an adverse event, this is considered:

Accepted Answer

An unintended injury caused by healthcare management

Question 12

Which of the following is a key reason why continuous measurement is essential in quality improvement?

Accepted Answer

It ensures that improvements are reliably sustained over time

Question 13

In the Juran Trilogy, which phase focuses on maintaining performance and preventing defects during operations?

Accepted Answer

Quality Control

Question 14

A hospital wants to reduce readmission rates for heart failure patients. They implement follow-up calls, clinic visits, and coaching. Which domains of quality are most directly addressed?

Accepted Answer

Effective and Patient-Centred

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Improvement (QI)?

Accepted Answer

QA is about maintaining standards, while QI is about making systematic changes to improve outcomes

Question 16

Which of the following is a key step in the Model for Improvement's PDSA cycle?

Accepted Answer

Plan, Do, Study, Act

Question 17

A hospital reduces the number of hospital-acquired sepsis cases by 25 over one year. Which quality improvement principle does this best illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Continuous measurement and improvement

Question 18

Which of the following is a common misconception about patient safety incidents?

Accepted Answer

They are always the result of individual negligence

Question 19

If a hospital wants to measure the impact of a new hand hygiene protocol, which of the following would be the best approach?

Accepted Answer

Collect and analyze infection rates before and after implementation

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of a high-leverage, system-based intervention according to the hierarchy of effectiveness?

Accepted Answer

Implementing forcing functions and constraints

Health Systems Quality and Quality Improvement in Healthcare

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