Q: Which formula best represents the relationship between genotype, environment, and phenotype?

$\text{Phenotype} = \text{Genotype} + \text{Environment}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov's experiments?

Accepted Answer

Learning by associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.

Question 2

A student receives a coupon for a free pizza after reading 10 books. This is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

Fixed ratio

Question 3

In the scenario where someone feels sick when thinking about a restaurant after getting food poisoning there, what is the conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

The food from the restaurant

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a behavior that is considered 'hardwired' in newborns?

Accepted Answer

Rooting reflex

Question 5

According to Piaget, what is a schema?

Accepted Answer

A mental structure that helps organize information about the world.

Question 6

Which attachment style is characterized by a child using their mother as a secure base to explore, showing distress when she leaves, and seeking contact upon her return?

Accepted Answer

Secure attachment

Question 7

In operant conditioning, which schedule of reinforcement is most likely to produce steady, consistent responding?

Accepted Answer

Variable interval

Question 8

Which concept refers to the observable characteristics resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment?

Accepted Answer

Phenotype

Question 9

A child who seeks contact with their mother upon reunion but also pushes her away is demonstrating which attachment style?

Accepted Answer

Ambivalent attachment

Question 10

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'Gene x Environment interactions' in child development?

Accepted Answer

A child with a genetic predisposition for sensation-seeking chooses to join a rock climbing club.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a question typically addressed in child development research?

Accepted Answer

Can classical conditioning occur without any stimulus?

Question 12

In Piaget's theory, what process involves updating or creating new schemas to organize new information?

Accepted Answer

Accommodation

Question 13

Which of the following best describes instrumental (operant) conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Learning by consequences, where behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments.

Question 14

A child who avoids their mother upon reunion and does not share play is most likely demonstrating which attachment style?

Accepted Answer

Avoidant attachment

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

Checking social media constantly in hopes of seeing a good post.

Question 16

Which of the following is a critical predictor of secure attachment in children?

Accepted Answer

Sensitive, responsive caregiving

Question 17

Which formula best represents the relationship between genotype, environment, and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Phenotype} = 	ext{Genotype} + 	ext{Environment}$

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of assimilation in Piaget's theory?

Accepted Answer

A child calls every four-legged animal a 'dog' after learning the word 'dog'.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT considered a newborn reflex?

Accepted Answer

Reading

Question 20

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of 'fixed interval' reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A worker receives a paycheck every Friday.

Child Development and Learning: Key Concepts in Introductory Psychology

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