Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between Plato's and Aristotle's beliefs about the origins of knowledge?

Accepted Answer

Plato believed knowledge is innate, while Aristotle believed it comes from sensory experience.

Question 2

A researcher wants to study the effect of sleep deprivation on memory recall. In this experiment, what is the independent variable?

Accepted Answer

The amount of sleep participants get

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the correlation coefficient $$r is $$TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A correlation coefficient of $$r = -0.85$$ indicates a strong negative relationship.

Question 4

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of an operational definition in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

Defining happiness as a score above 7 on a 10-point self-report scale.

Question 5

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

Accepted Answer

It relied heavily on introspection, which is subjective and unreliable.

Question 6

A psychologist is interested in whether caffeine causes increased alertness. She randomly assigns participants to receive either caffeine or a placebo and measures their reaction times. What type of research design is she using?

Accepted Answer

Experimental design

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of the myelin sheath?

Accepted Answer

It insulates axons and speeds up neural transmission.

Question 8

Damage to which brain structure is most likely to result in difficulties forming new memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Question 9

Which neurotransmitter is most directly associated with mood regulation and is affected by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin

Question 10

A split-brain patient is shown an object in their left visual field. Which part of the brain processes this information, and why might the patient have difficulty naming the object?

Accepted Answer

Right hemisphere; because language centers are typically in the left hemisphere

Question 11

Which of the following best distinguishes the endocrine system from the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting communication.

Question 12

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

Accepted Answer

Occipital lobe

Question 13

A drug that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter at the synapse is called:

Accepted Answer

An antagonist

Question 14

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates selective attention?

Accepted Answer

Focusing on a friend's voice at a noisy party while ignoring other conversations

Question 15

Which stage of sleep is most closely associated with vivid dreaming?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep

Question 16

According to the activation synthesis model, dreams are:

Accepted Answer

Random neural activity that the brain tries to make sense of

Question 17

Which of the following is a principle of the Belmont Report?

Accepted Answer

Beneficence

Question 18

A person who suddenly falls asleep during the day, even in the middle of activities, is most likely experiencing:

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between physiological and psychological dependence on a drug?

Accepted Answer

Physiological dependence involves withdrawal symptoms and tolerance, while psychological dependence involves emotional or mental cravings.

Question 20

Which of the following is a myth about hypnosis?

Accepted Answer

People under hypnosis can be made to do things against their will.

Exam 1 Study Guide: Foundations of Psychology (Ch. 1-4)

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