Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between structuralism and functionalism in early psychology?

Accepted Answer

Structuralism emphasized systematic observation to study consciousness, while functionalism focused on the purpose and adaptive functions of mental processes.

Question 2

John B. Watson, the father of behaviourism, argued that psychology should focus on:

Accepted Answer

Observable behavior and methods to control it.

Question 3

Which school of thought in psychology is most closely associated with the use of introspection to study consciousness?

Accepted Answer

Structuralism

Question 4

A psychologist is conducting research to determine whether people make more accurate snap judgments about facial traits than about sexual orientation. Which scientific principle is most relevant to this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Naive realism

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis that is falsifiable?

Accepted Answer

The more people present at the scene of an accident, the longer the response time will be.

Question 6

Margaret Floy Washburn is significant in the history of psychology because she:

Accepted Answer

Was the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology.

Question 7

Which of the following best illustrates confirmation bias in a real-world context?

Accepted Answer

A police officer only pays attention to evidence that supports their initial suspicion, ignoring evidence that contradicts it.

Question 8

According to the scientific method, which is the correct sequence of steps?

Accepted Answer

Identify question of interest, formulate explanation, carry out research.

Question 9

Which logical fallacy is committed when someone argues that a claim must be true because many people believe it?

Accepted Answer

Bandwagon fallacy

Question 10

A parent invests time and money in a therapy for their child that lacks scientific support. Which concept best explains the potential negative impact of this decision?

Accepted Answer

Opportunity cost

Question 11

Which branch of psychology would most likely study the effects of brain injury on behavior and cognition?

Accepted Answer

Neuropsychology

Question 12

Which of the following is a warning sign of psychological pseudoscience?

Accepted Answer

Over-reliance on anecdotal evidence

Question 13

Which perspective in psychology emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences?

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic

Question 14

A researcher claims that their therapy works because several clients have reported feeling better after treatment. What is the main problem with this evidence?

Accepted Answer

It relies on anecdotal evidence, which is not scientifically reliable.

Question 15

Which equation best represents the concept of falsifiability in scientific research?

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis $H$ is falsifiable if there exists an observation $O$ such that $H$ predicts $O$ is impossible, but $O$ is observed: $H ightarrow 
eg O$, but $O$ is true$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between basic and applied research in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Applied research utilizes findings from basic research to address everyday issues.

Question 17

Which psychologist is most closely associated with operant conditioning and the study of reinforcement and punishment?

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner

Question 18

A person believes that they are not affected by common biases, but others are. This is an example of which fallacy?

Accepted Answer

Not me fallacy

Question 19

Which of the following statements about common sense is most accurate according to psychological science?

Accepted Answer

Common sense can be contradictory and should be tested scientifically.

Question 20

Which concept explains why people may see meaningful patterns in random stimuli, such as seeing faces in clouds?

Accepted Answer

Patternicity

Foundations and Methods in Psychology: An Overview

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