Question 1

Which of the following best defines consciousness?

Accepted Answer

A state of being aware of and able to think about one's own existence, sensations, thoughts, and environment.

Question 2

A college student travels from New York to Tokyo and experiences difficulty sleeping, irritability, and poor concentration. Which physiological process is most directly responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Disruption of circadian rhythms regulated by the SCN in the hypothalamus.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about REM sleep is correct?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements and vivid dreaming.

Question 4

A person who wakes up screaming in terror but does not remember the episode likely experienced which sleep disorder?

Accepted Answer

Night terrors

Question 5

Which neurotransmitter system is primarily affected by alcohol consumption?

Accepted Answer

GABA

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between psychological and physical dependence?

Accepted Answer

Psychological dependence involves emotional or mental preoccupation with a drug, while physical dependence involves physiological withdrawal symptoms.

Question 7

A patient is treated for a phobia by gradually exposing them to the feared object while teaching relaxation techniques. This approach is known as:

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization

Question 8

Which of the following is a key feature of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

Accepted Answer

Identifying and challenging cognitive distortions to change behavior and emotions.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the diathesis-stress model of psychological disorders?

Accepted Answer

A predisposition (diathesis) interacts with environmental stress to trigger a disorder.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a stimulant?

Accepted Answer

Nicotine

Question 11

A therapist uses tokens as rewards for desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for privileges. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Token economy

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the DSM and ICD is correct?

Accepted Answer

Both are classification systems for psychological disorders, but the DSM is primarily used in the United States.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the collective unconscious, and who proposed it?

Accepted Answer

A set of shared memories and archetypes common to all humans, proposed by Carl Jung.

Question 14

A child who has difficulty expressing emotions verbally is encouraged to use dolls and drawing to communicate in therapy. This approach is known as:

Accepted Answer

Play therapy

Question 15

Which of the following is a symptom of sleep deprivation observed in both humans and animals?

Accepted Answer

Impaired cognitive performance and increased irritability

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the main difference between nightmares and night terrors?

Accepted Answer

Nightmares occur during REM sleep and are remembered; night terrors occur during non-REM sleep and are usually not remembered.

Question 17

Which of the following is a practical use of hypnosis supported by research?

Accepted Answer

Pain management in medical procedures

Question 18

According to Freud's theory, what is the primary goal of psychoanalytic treatment?

Accepted Answer

To bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness for resolution.

Question 19

Which of the following best defines 'etiology' in the context of psychological disorders?

Accepted Answer

The cause or origin of a disorder.

Question 20

A person who repeatedly hits the snooze button in the morning is likely to feel less rested because:

Accepted Answer

Interrupting the sleep cycle prevents the body from completing restorative stages of sleep.

Introduction to Psychology Exam 2 Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

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