Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between a dependent variable and an independent variable in a psychological experiment?

Accepted Answer

The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is measured for changes.

Question 2

A researcher finds that as hours spent studying increase, exam scores also increase. What type of correlation is this, and how would it be represented mathematically?

Accepted Answer

Positive correlation; $$r \u003e 0$$

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven modern perspectives in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Astrological

Question 4

Freud's psychoanalytic theory was unique because it emphasized which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The role of unconscious processes in shaping behavior

Question 5

Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 6

A patient suffers damage to the occipital lobe of the brain. Which function is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Vision

Question 7

Which of the following best illustrates implicit memory?

Accepted Answer

Riding a bicycle without consciously thinking about the movements

Question 8

In classical conditioning, what is the difference between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

Accepted Answer

Generalization is responding the same to similar stimuli; discrimination is responding differently to specific stimuli.

Question 9

A child learns to fear all dogs after being bitten by one. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 10

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior

Question 11

In a famous experiment, children watched an adult model aggressive behavior toward a Bobo doll. Later, the children also acted aggressively toward the doll. This experiment best illustrates which type of learning?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements of observational learning?

Accepted Answer

Punishment

Question 13

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates latent learning?

Accepted Answer

A child learns the route to school by riding with their parent, even before walking it alone.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

Accepted Answer

Monozygotic twins are genetically identical; dizygotic twins are as genetically similar as regular siblings.

Question 15

A teratogen is best defined as:

Accepted Answer

An environmental agent that can cause harm during prenatal development

Question 16

During which stage of prenatal development are teratogens most likely to cause major structural abnormalities?

Accepted Answer

Embryonic stage

Question 17

According to Piaget, in which stage does a child develop the ability for abstract thinking?

Accepted Answer

Formal operational stage

Question 18

Vygotsky's concept of the 'zone of proximal development' refers to:

Accepted Answer

The range of tasks a child can perform with guidance but not alone

Question 19

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of shaping in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Rewarding a dog for sitting, then only for lying down, and finally only for rolling over

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of biological preparedness in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A person quickly develops a taste aversion to food that made them sick after just one exposure

Introduction to Psychology Midterm Review Guidance

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards