KINE 1101: Course Introduction and Basic Principles of Anatomy & Physiology

Course Overview

Main Topics

1. Principles of Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy and physiology are foundational sciences for understanding the human body. Anatomy focuses on structure, while physiology emphasizes function.

• Anatomy: The study of the structure of living things, including the body and its parts.

• Physiology: The study of the function of living things, such as how organ systems work together.

• Principle of Complementarity: Structure and function are interrelated; anatomical features exist to perform specific physiological functions.

Example: Bones have a hard, solid structure for protection and a hollow center for blood cell production.

2. Levels of Structural Organization

The human body is organized into hierarchical levels, each building upon the previous.

• Chemical Level: Atoms and molecules

• Cellular Level: Cells and their organelles

• Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells

• Organ Level: Structures composed of multiple tissue types

• Organ System Level: Groups of organs working together

• Organismal Level: The complete living being

3. Major Organ Systems of the Human Body

There are eleven major organ systems, each with specific functions essential for life.

Organ System	Main Function
Skeletal	Support, protection, movement
Muscular	Movement, posture, heat production
Nervous	Control, communication, response
Integumentary	Protection, temperature regulation
Cardiovascular	Transport of nutrients and gases
Respiratory	Gas exchange (O2/CO2)
Urinary	Waste elimination, water balance
Reproductive	Production of offspring
Lymphatic	Immunity, fluid balance
Endocrine	Hormone production, regulation
Digestive	Breakdown and absorption of food

4. Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It is a dynamic equilibrium maintained by various control mechanisms.

• Key Components: Stimulus, Receptor, Control Center, Effector, Response

• Communication: Mainly via the nervous and endocrine systems

Example: Regulation of body temperature within a narrow range.

5. Feedback Mechanisms

Feedback mechanisms are processes that help maintain homeostasis.

• Negative Feedback: Reduces or reverses the effect of a stimulus to maintain balance (e.g., blood glucose regulation).

• Positive Feedback: Enhances or amplifies the effect of a stimulus (e.g., childbirth contractions).