Question 1

Which of the following best describes a phoneme in language development?

Accepted Answer

A category of sound produced by our vocal apparatus.

Question 2

A child says, 'He runned fast' instead of 'He ran fast.' This is an example of which language development phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Overgeneralization

Question 3

According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic relativity), which of the following is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

The language we speak influences how we think, understand, and perceive the world.

Question 4

Which heuristic is most likely at play when a doctor quickly diagnoses a patient with the flu because it is flu season, despite the patient actually having COVID-19?

Accepted Answer

Representativeness heuristic

Question 5

A judge is influenced by the prosecutor's recommended sentence when deciding on a punishment. This is an example of which heuristic?

Accepted Answer

Anchoring heuristic

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates the framing effect in decision-making?

Accepted Answer

Being more likely to choose a surgery described as having a 90% survival rate than one described as having a 10% mortality rate.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic?

Accepted Answer

Assuming plane crashes are common because you recently saw one on the news.

Question 8

A child is able to recognize all phonemes at birth but later loses the ability to distinguish sounds not used in their native language. This process is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Phoneme specialization

Question 9

Which of the following statements about bilingualism is supported by research?

Accepted Answer

The earlier a person is exposed to a second language, the more proficient they are likely to become.

Question 10

Which cognitive obstacle involves difficulty in seeing an object as useful for anything other than its usual purpose?

Accepted Answer

Functional fixedness

Question 11

A consumer who evaluates every possible option before making a purchase is best described as a:

Accepted Answer

Maximizer

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between an algorithm and a heuristic?

Accepted Answer

An algorithm guarantees a solution if applied correctly, while a heuristic is a general rule of thumb that may not always work.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias?

Accepted Answer

Only searching for news articles that support your political beliefs.

Question 14

The Guugu Yimithirr language does not have words for 'left' or 'right,' but instead uses:

Accepted Answer

Cardinal directions (north, east, south, west)

Question 15

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of a prototype?

Accepted Answer

The most typical example of a concept, such as thinking of a robin when asked about birds.

Question 16

Which of the following is a potential downside of using heuristics in high-stakes situations?

Accepted Answer

They can lead to costly errors and reinforce stereotypes.

Question 17

A person believes they 'knew it all along' after learning the outcome of an event. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the interactionist approach to language acquisition?

Accepted Answer

Children are pre-programmed with hardware but develop language through exposure and environment.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of belief perseverance?

Accepted Answer

Continuing to believe a claim even after being presented with strong evidence against it.

Question 20

Which equation best represents the trade-off between accuracy and effort in decision-making, where $A$ is accuracy and $E$ is effort?

Accepted Answer

$A \propto E$

Language, Thinking, and Reasoning: Foundations and Applications in Psychology

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