Q: Which equation best represents the acquisition phase in classical conditioning?

$\text{NS} + \text{UCS} \rightarrow \text{UCR}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes 'learning' as defined in behavioral psychology?

Accepted Answer

A long-lasting change in potential behavior resulting from experience.

Question 2

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment with dogs, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

Accepted Answer

The food presented to the dog.

Question 3

Which statement correctly distinguishes classical conditioning from operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors influenced by consequences, while classical conditioning involves involuntary responses to paired stimuli.

Question 4

A child learns to fear loud noises after experiencing a traumatic event involving an explosion. Later, the child feels fear when hearing fireworks. What psychological process best explains this?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning generalization.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Turning off a loud alarm when a student gets out of bed.

Question 6

According to Thorndike’s Law of Effect, which behavior is most likely to be repeated?

Accepted Answer

A behavior followed by a pleasant outcome.

Question 7

In classical conditioning, what is the process called when a conditioned response is eliminated by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Extinction.

Question 8

A parent comforts a crying baby, causing the baby to stop crying. For the parent, this is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement.

Question 9

Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement.

Question 10

In Bandura’s Bobo Doll study, which factor was NOT one of the four key elements of observational learning?

Accepted Answer

Generalization.

Question 11

A dog is trained to cower at the sound of a rattling shaker after it is repeatedly paired with pain. Later, the dog cowers at similar sounds. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Generalization.

Question 12

Which of the following best illustrates second-order conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A dog salivates to a light after the light is paired with a bell that was previously paired with food.

Question 13

Which equation best represents the acquisition phase in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{NS} + 	ext{UCS} ightarrow 	ext{UCR}$

Question 14

A student receives participation points for posting on a discussion board, but only some of the time. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?

Accepted Answer

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between classical and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Both focus on voluntary behaviors.

Question 16

A person studies frequently to avoid being unprepared for pop quizzes. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Avoidance conditioning.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of shaping in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly closer to the desired behavior.

Question 18

Which scenario best illustrates observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A child learns to say 'thank you' after seeing their sibling praised for doing so.

Question 19

Which formula represents the learned association in classical conditioning after acquisition?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{CS} ightarrow 	ext{CR}$

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of punishment in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Giving a child extra chores for misbehaving.

Learning & Behavior: Classical, Operant, and Observational Conditioning in Psychology

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