Question 1

Which of the following best defines 'learning' as described in the provided materials?

Accepted Answer

A relatively permanent change in behavior or thought as a result of experience.

Question 2

In classical conditioning, what is the role of the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Accepted Answer

It is an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

Question 3

A dog salivates when it hears a bell because the bell has been repeatedly paired with food. In this scenario, what is the conditioned response (CR)?

Accepted Answer

Salivation in response to the bell.

Question 4

Which process describes the weakening of a conditioned response (CR) when the unconditioned stimulus (US) no longer follows the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 5

A child who was bitten by a dog now fears all dogs, not just the one that bit them. This is an example of which classical conditioning concept?

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 6

In operant conditioning, which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior.

Question 7

A teacher gives a student a gold star every time they complete their homework. This is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

Fixed ratio

Question 8

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates positive punishment?

Accepted Answer

A child is given extra chores after misbehaving.

Question 9

According to John B. Watson, what is the primary source of individual differences in behavior?

Accepted Answer

Learning through associations and environment.

Question 10

In the Little Albert experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Accepted Answer

The white rat.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the process of shaping in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior.

Question 12

A slot machine pays out after a random number of plays. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 13

Which of the following is a key difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the response depends on the stimulus that precedes it; in operant conditioning, the response depends on the consequences that follow it.

Question 14

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of discrimination in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A dog only salivates to a specific bell tone and not to other similar sounds.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about learning styles is supported by research cited in the materials?

Accepted Answer

Most people are a blend of multiple learning styles, and matching instruction to style does not enhance learning.

Question 16

A person develops a taste aversion to a food after getting sick from it once. Which classical conditioning concept does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Conditioned taste aversion

Question 17

Which formula best represents the relationship between reinforcement and behavior in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$Behavior \xrightarrow{Reinforcement} Increased\ Frequency$

Question 18

A student studies more regularly because the professor gives pop quizzes at unpredictable times. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

Variable interval

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

Accepted Answer

A teenager is grounded and cannot go out with friends after breaking curfew.

Question 20

According to the materials, which of the following is a real-world application of classical conditioning in drug tolerance?

Accepted Answer

Repeated exposure to a drug in the same environment leads to increased tolerance due to conditioned compensatory responses.

Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning in Psychology

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