Question 1

Which of the following best distinguishes operant conditioning from classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves associating voluntary behaviors with consequences, while classical conditioning involves associating involuntary responses with stimuli.

Question 2

In Pavlov's classic experiment, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS) after conditioning has occurred?

Accepted Answer

The bell or tone

Question 3

A child learns to say 'please' because it results in receiving a cookie. According to Skinner, this is an example of which type of learning?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning

Question 4

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A parent stops nagging when a child cleans their room.

Question 5

According to Bandura's social-cognitive theory, which process is most critical for learning new behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Observing and imitating models

Question 6

In the Little Albert experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Accepted Answer

The loud noise (steel bar hit with hammer)

Question 7

Which of the following is a major weakness of learning theories according to the provided materials?

Accepted Answer

They place too little emphasis on biological and internal influences.

Question 8

A dog salivates when it hears a bell because the bell has been repeatedly paired with food. What is the salivation in response to the bell called?

Accepted Answer

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 9

Which equation best represents the process of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$$ NS + US \rightarrow UR $$

Question 10

A child observes their older sibling being praised for doing chores and then starts doing chores themselves. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Vicarious reinforcement

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the focus of behaviorism compared to cognitive and psychoanalytic theories?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism focuses on observable actions, while cognitive theory focuses on ideas and psychoanalytic theory focuses on emotions.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

Accepted Answer

A child is given extra chores for misbehaving.

Question 13

Which learning theory is most associated with the concept of 'reciprocal determinism'?

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive learning (Bandura)

Question 14

A person develops a fear of dogs after being bitten by one. Later, they also become afraid of cats and rabbits. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 15

Which of the following best describes extinction in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response decreases when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of observational learning leading to antisocial behavior?

Accepted Answer

A child who witnesses violence at home becomes more likely to act violently.

Question 17

Which formula best represents the process of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$$ Behavior + Consequence \rightarrow Change\ in\ Likelihood\ of\ Behavior $$

Question 18

Which of the following is a strength of learning theories?

Accepted Answer

They are precise and testable.

Question 19

A parent gives a child a sticker every time they complete their homework. Over time, the child becomes more likely to do their homework. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement

Question 20

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of shaping in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Rewarding a dog for each step it takes toward learning to roll over, gradually requiring more of the behavior before giving a treat.

Memory and Learning: Behaviorism and Learning Theories in Life-Span Human Development

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