BackMotivation and Emotion: Key Concepts and Theories (Psychology 2e, Chapter 10)
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Motivation and Emotion
Introduction to Motivation and Emotion
Motivation and emotion are central topics in psychology, exploring the forces that drive behavior and the feelings that accompany experiences. Emotions can change rapidly, especially in response to unexpected events, and are often accompanied by physiological and psychological changes. Motivation refers to the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.
Emotion: Immediate responses such as fear, anger, and sadness can arise in critical situations (e.g., aftermath of traumatic events).
Motivation: Explains why individuals act, such as helping others or seeking safety.
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Definitions and Key Differences
Motivation can be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic, depending on its source.
Intrinsic Motivation: Arises from internal factors. Behaviors are performed because they bring personal satisfaction, autonomy, or mastery.
Extrinsic Motivation: Arises from external factors. Behaviors are performed to receive rewards, compensation, or avoid punishment.
Comparison Table
Type | Source | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Intrinsic | Internal | Enjoyment, mastery, autonomy |
Extrinsic | External | Money, grades, praise, punishment |
Overjustification Effect
The overjustification effect occurs when intrinsic motivation is diminished by extrinsic rewards. For example, if someone enjoys baking cakes but starts receiving payment, their motivation may shift from enjoyment to compensation.
Research findings: Tangible rewards tend to decrease intrinsic motivation, while intangible rewards (such as praise) may increase it.
Expectation of reward: Intrinsic motivation is more likely to decrease if an extrinsic reward is expected.
Summary Table: Effects of Reinforcement
Type of Reward | Effect on Intrinsic Motivation |
|---|---|
Tangible (money, prizes) | Decrease |
Intangible (praise, feedback) | Increase |
Expected reward | Decrease |
Unexpected reward | Less likely to decrease |
Example
A student who studies because they enjoy learning (intrinsic) may lose interest if they begin to study only for grades (extrinsic).
Additional info: The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is foundational in educational psychology and workplace motivation research.
