Question 1

According to Erikson, which developmental stage is characterized by a child's new cognitive skills and the desire to take initiative, balanced against the need for parental control?

Accepted Answer

Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 2

Which parenting style, as defined by Baumrind, is most consistently associated with negative outcomes such as low self-esteem and poor academic achievement?

Accepted Answer

Uninvolved

Question 3

A 5-year-old child is able to understand that breaking a vase on purpose deserves a greater punishment than breaking it by accident. This ability reflects which social-cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Understanding others' intentions

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'gender constancy' as proposed by Kohlberg?

Accepted Answer

The recognition that gender does not change even if appearance changes

Question 5

Research on family structure in Canada suggests that:

Accepted Answer

The quality of family relationships is a better predictor of child wellbeing than family structure

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of authoritative parenting?

Accepted Answer

Low communication

Question 7

A child who is securely attached at age 4 is more likely to:

Accepted Answer

Have positive relationships with preschool teachers

Question 8

Which theory asserts that social and personality development in early childhood is related to improvements in the cognitive domain?

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive theory

Question 9

According to research, which factor is most strongly linked to the development of aggression in children?

Accepted Answer

Harsh, punitive parenting

Question 10

Which of the following best describes 'prosocial behaviour'?

Accepted Answer

Behaviour intended to help another person

Question 11

A 3-year-old who spends 30% or more of their time with one other child is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Stable friendship formation

Question 12

Which of the following is a key factor in the transition from temperament to personality in early childhood?

Accepted Answer

Parental responses to temperament

Question 13

According to gender schema theory, children:

Accepted Answer

Use schemas to process information about gender

Question 14

Which of the following statements about aggression in early childhood is supported by research?

Accepted Answer

Physical aggression peaks at age 2 and then declines

Question 15

A child who can control their impulses and regulate their emotions is demonstrating which dimension of personality?

Accepted Answer

Effortful control

Question 16

Which of the following is a protective factor for children experiencing parental divorce?

Accepted Answer

Extended family support

Question 17

According to the information-processing approach, at what age do children develop an equivalently complex view of the opposite gender?

Accepted Answer

Between ages 8 and 10

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the impact of Canadian parenting styles compared to European parents?

Accepted Answer

Canadian parents exert less behavioural control and use more permissive strategies

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of cross-gender behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A boy expressing interest in activities not typical for his assigned gender

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why discipline is difficult to study in developmental psychology?

Accepted Answer

The effects of discipline are difficult to establish and research is inconclusive about intensity and frequency

Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood: Key Theories, Family, and Peer Influences CH. 8

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