A neighborhood receives intensive patrols and stricter enforcement because of concentrated poverty. Which factor is influencing arrest disparities?

• A. Higher underreporting with fewer victims reporting crimes in poor neighborhoods
• B. Concentrated poverty causing higher criminality independent of policing differences
• C. Economic hardship and poverty causing arrest rates to rise most sharply during middle adulthood
• D. Lower socioeconomic status communities often experience more intensive policing

Answer: (D)