Durkheim would most likely interpret successful civil disobedience movements as examples of what process?

• A. Labeling theory explaining how societal reactions produce persistent deviant identities
• B. Rational choice theory focusing on individuals calculating costs and benefits before offending
• C. Reinforcement of existing moral standards through public condemnation of transgressions
• D. Deviance contributing to shifts in norms and formal social reforms

Answer: (D)