Question 1

Which of the following best describes relative deprivation?

Accepted Answer

The conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities.

Question 2

What distinguishes a hate crime from other types of crime?

Accepted Answer

The victim is chosen because of a characteristic such as race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or disability.

Question 3

According to Figure 3.1, which category accounts for the majority of reported hate crimes?

Accepted Answer

Race/Ethnicity/Ancestry

Question 4

Institutional racism is best defined as:

Accepted Answer

Discrimination that occurs through the policies and practices of institutions such as governments, schools, and workplaces.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination?

Accepted Answer

IQ testing that favors middle-class children, especially White middle-class children.

Question 6

What is the primary goal of environmental justice?

Accepted Answer

To ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so all communities receive protection, regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance.

Question 7

Affirmative action is best described as:

Accepted Answer

The positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.

Question 8

Which Supreme Court case prohibited holding a specific number of places for minorities in college admissions?

Accepted Answer

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

Question 9

The 'glass ceiling' refers to:

Accepted Answer

Invisible barriers that prevent women and minorities from advancing to decision-making positions.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the glass ceiling in the workplace?

Accepted Answer

Mandatory diversity training for all employees

Question 11

If the median income for White families is $$81,531 and for Black families is 39$$,490, what is the ratio of White to Black median income?

Accepted Answer

$$ \frac{81,531}{39,490} \approx 2.07 $$

Question 12

Which of the following is a legacy of discrimination according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Wealth inequality, which affects access to jobs, insurance, and interest rates.

Question 13

Which policy is most likely to reduce employment opportunities for people of color?

Accepted Answer

Automatic elimination of job applicants with felony records or past drug offenses.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a subtle form of discrimination?

Accepted Answer

IQ tests that favor middle-class children due to the types of questions included.

Question 15

What is the main argument against affirmative action, as described in the legal debate?

Accepted Answer

It constitutes reverse discrimination, subjecting Whites and men to the same treatment minorities experienced in the past.

Question 16

Which of the following best illustrates environmental injustice?

Accepted Answer

Hazardous waste sites being disproportionately located in low-income and minority communities.

Question 17

According to the spectrum of intergroup relations, which of the following is considered the most unacceptable?

Accepted Answer

Extermination (e.g., hate crimes, genocide)

Question 18

If a company has 10% of executives who are people of color in Fortune 500 companies, what percentage are not people of color?

Accepted Answer

$$ 100\% - 10\% = 90\% $$

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct effect of discrimination on economic outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Income discrepancy and lower median income for minority groups.

Question 20

Which of the following Supreme Court cases ruled that race can be a limited factor in college admissions?

Accepted Answer

Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)

Discrimination: Racial and Ethnic Groups (Sociology Study Notes)

Study Guide - Practice Questions