Question 1

According to the Concentric Zone Model developed by the Chicago School, which zone is most associated with high rates of social disruption and crime due to constant population turnover?

Accepted Answer

Zone II: Zone in Transition

Question 2

Which of the following best explains why crime rates remain high in certain neighborhoods, according to Social Disorganization Theory?

Accepted Answer

Weak community social structures and environmental conditions

Question 3

In the context of South Africa, what is a major consequence of apartheid spatial planning on current crime patterns?

Accepted Answer

It created structural spatial inequalities that persist today

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the five elements required for a crime event according to Environmental Criminology?

Accepted Answer

Community support

Question 5

Routine Activity Theory states that crime occurs when which three elements converge in time and space?

Accepted Answer

A motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian

Question 6

Which South African example best illustrates the concept of 'edges' in Crime Pattern Theory?

Accepted Answer

The M1 highway acting as a boundary between wealthy and low-income areas

Question 7

What is the main critique of gated communities from a sociological perspective?

Accepted Answer

They create 'fortress cities' and displace crime to adjacent neighborhoods

Question 8

Which of the following is a key pillar of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)?

Accepted Answer

Access control

Question 9

According to Broken Windows Theory, what is the mechanism by which minor signs of disorder lead to more serious crime?

Accepted Answer

Physical disorder leads to fear, causing residents to retreat indoors and weakening informal social control

Question 10

Which of the following best describes 'crime displacement'?

Accepted Answer

Crime prevention in one area pushes criminals to another area

Question 11

How does the concept of 'spatial justice' relate to crime reduction in South Africa?

Accepted Answer

By ensuring the equitable distribution of resources and opportunities across urban spaces

Question 12

Which of the following is a real-world example of a spatial intervention aimed at reducing crime in South Africa?

Accepted Answer

The Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading (VPUU) project in Khayelitsha

Question 13

Which element of Oscar Newman's Defensible Space theory focuses on the ability of residents to observe and be observed in their environment?

Accepted Answer

Natural surveillance

Question 14

What is a likely outcome when high-security estates are built next to informal settlements, as seen in Gauteng?

Accepted Answer

Crime is displaced to the less protected informal settlements

Question 15

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'hot spots' policing?

Accepted Answer

Deploying police resources to a single street corner with high crime rates

Question 16

How did apartheid-era buffer zones contribute to current crime patterns in South Africa?

Accepted Answer

They created vacant lands that are now prone to violent crime

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct effect of urban decay in inner-city Johannesburg?

Accepted Answer

The rise of hijacked buildings controlled by criminal syndicates

Question 18

Why are informal settlements like Diepsloot particularly vulnerable to high crime rates, according to Social Disorganization Theory?

Accepted Answer

They lack formal policing and social structures, weakening informal social control

Question 19

Which of the following is a key criticism of relying solely on private security for crime prevention in South Africa?

Accepted Answer

It ties safety to spatial location, leaving low-income areas under-protected

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between space and crime, as emphasized in spatial criminology?

Accepted Answer

Space actively shapes criminal opportunities and patterns

Spatial Criminology and the Production of Crime in South Africa

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