Question 1

According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, which stage is characterized by the crisis of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion', and what is the primary developmental task during this stage?

Accepted Answer

Adolescence; developing a sense of self and personal identity

Question 2

Which defense mechanism, as described by Freud, involves unconsciously pushing distressing thoughts out of awareness?

Accepted Answer

Repression

Question 3

Piaget’s cognitive theory outlines four stages of development. Which stage is marked by the ability to think logically about concrete events but not yet abstractly?

Accepted Answer

Concrete operations

Question 4

Bandura’s social-learning theory emphasizes which primary mechanism for personality development?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to and imitation of behavior

Question 5

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which level must be satisfied before an individual can pursue self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

Physiological needs

Question 6

A child who learns to fear dogs after being bitten is demonstrating which behavioral theory concept?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning

Question 7

Vygotsky’s theory of language and culture suggests that optimal growth and development require:

Accepted Answer

Social and cultural experiences

Question 8

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the 'looking-glass self' as described by Cooley and Mead?

Accepted Answer

A teenager changes their behavior based on how they believe their peers perceive them

Question 9

According to Bronfenbrenner’s social theory, which of the following is considered part of the 'microsystem'?

Accepted Answer

Parents and siblings

Question 10

Which developmental task, as described by Peck, is most relevant for an older adult facing the loss of a spouse?

Accepted Answer

Adapting to changing living arrangements

Question 11

In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which stage is characterized by moral reasoning based on social rules and the desire to maintain social order?

Accepted Answer

Conventional

Question 12

Which theory posits that personality and behavior are primarily learned through environmental influences and experiences?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorist theory (Watson)

Question 13

According to Rogers’ environmental theory, self-actualization occurs when:

Accepted Answer

A person realizes they can do many things to be like their ideal self

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism described by Freud?

Accepted Answer

Self-actualization

Question 15

A college instructor wants to tailor their teaching to students in the 'formal operations' stage of Piaget’s theory. Which strategy would be most effective?

Accepted Answer

Encourage abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking

Question 16

Levinson’s psychosocial theory emphasizes the importance of:

Accepted Answer

Interactions among environment, culture, and the individual

Question 17

Which stage in Atchley’s developmental stages of retirement is characterized by excitement and freedom after leaving work?

Accepted Answer

Honeymoon

Question 18

According to Havighurst, which developmental task is most relevant for late adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Adjusting to decreased income

Question 19

Which theory suggests that language is a major force in the growth and development of personality?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky’s theory of language and culture

Question 20

A student is struggling with feelings of inferiority in school. According to Erikson’s stages, which crisis are they experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Industry vs. Inferiority

Chapter 5: Theories of Human Development: Sociological and Psychological Perspectives

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