Question 1

Which of the following best defines the science of statistics?

Accepted Answer

The science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data to make decisions.

Question 2

A researcher wants to estimate the average number of hours college students sleep per night. She surveys 200 students at her university. In this context, which is the population?

Accepted Answer

All college students.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding parameters and statistics?

Accepted Answer

A parameter is a numerical description of a population characteristic, while a statistic is a numerical description of a sample characteristic.

Question 4

A study reports that 'in a survey of 1,000 U.S. adults, 60% said they prefer online shopping.' Which of the following is a sample statistic?

Accepted Answer

60%

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

Accepted Answer

Types of cuisine served at restaurants (e.g., Italian, Chinese, Mexican)

Question 6

A list of marathon finishers is ranked from 1st to 100th place. What is the level of measurement for this data?

Accepted Answer

Ordinal

Question 7

Which of the following data sets is at the interval level of measurement?

Accepted Answer

Temperatures in degrees Celsius recorded during a week

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the ratio level of measurement is correct?

Accepted Answer

A zero entry at the ratio level is an inherent zero, meaning 'none' of the quantity is present.

Question 9

A researcher collects the following data: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 dollars in savings accounts. Which level of measurement is this data set?

Accepted Answer

Ratio

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of data at the nominal level of measurement?

Accepted Answer

Blood types (A, B, AB, O)

Question 11

A study finds that 'the average age of all employees at a company is 35 years.' What type of value is 35 in this context?

Accepted Answer

Population parameter

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

Accepted Answer

Descriptive statistics summarize and display data, while inferential statistics use sample data to draw conclusions about a population.

Question 13

A medical researcher wants to determine if a new drug is effective. She randomly assigns 100 patients to receive the drug and 100 to receive a placebo, then compares recovery rates. What type of study is this?

Accepted Answer

Experiment

Question 14

Which sampling technique involves dividing a population into groups and then randomly selecting all members from some of those groups?

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling

Question 15

A company wants to ensure its employee survey represents all departments. It divides employees by department and randomly selects a proportional number from each. What sampling method is this?

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling

Question 16

Which of the following is a potential source of bias in a statistical study?

Accepted Answer

Selecting a sample only from people who volunteer to participate

Question 17

A researcher records the years in which a sports team won championships: 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005. What is the highest level of measurement for this data?

Accepted Answer

Interval

Question 18

Which of the following is a key difference between interval and ratio levels of measurement?

Accepted Answer

Ratio level has an inherent zero, while interval level does not.

Question 19

A hospital administrator wants to study patient satisfaction. She surveys every 10th patient discharged during a month. What sampling method is she using?

Accepted Answer

Systematic sampling

Question 20

A city government wants to estimate the average commute time for its residents. It randomly selects 500 residents and finds their average commute is 32 minutes. Which of the following is an inference the city might make using inferential statistics?

Accepted Answer

The average commute time for all city residents is likely close to 32 minutes.

Introduction to Statistics: Foundations, Data Types, and Experimental Design

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