Convert x² + (y + 8)² = 64 to a polar equation that expresses r in terms of θ.

Use a polar coordinate system like the one shown for Exercises 1–10 to plot each point with the given polar coordinates. (3, 90°)

Graph each polar equation. r = 1 + sin θ

Test for symmetry and then graph each polar equation. r = 2 cos θ

In Exercises 13–34, test for symmetry and then graph each polar equation. r = 1 − sin θ

In Exercises 11–20, use a polar coordinate system like the one shown for Exercises 1–10 to plot each point with the given polar coordinates. (−1, π)

In Exercises 11–20, use a polar coordinate system like the one shown for Exercises 1–10 to plot each point with the given polar coordinates. (−2, − π/2)