Laboratory Manual for Human Anatomy & Physiology: A Hands-on Approach, Cat Version, 1st edition

Lab Exercise 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

1A Laboratory Safety

• Procedure: Observing and Applying Laboratory Safety Rules

1B The Scientific Method

• Procedure: Using the Scientific Method to Compare Arm Span and Height

1C Human Body Systems

• Procedure: Identifying the Human Body Systems, Organs, and Functions

1D Anatomical Position and Directional Terminology

• Procedure: Demonstrating Anatomical Position and Using Directional Terminology

1E Regional Terminology

• Procedure: Using Regional Terminology to Describe Areas of the Body

1F Planes of Section

• Procedure: Identifying Planes of Section

1G Body Cavities, Abdominopelvic Quadrants, Abdominopelvic Regions, and Serous Membranes

• Procedure 1: Identifying Major Organs within Body Cavities and Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
• Procedure 2: Understanding the Structure of Serous Membranes

Lab Exercise 2: The Chemistry of Life

2A The Periodic Table, Atomic Structure, and Chemical Bonds

• Procedure 1: Using the Periodic Table to Determine Atomic Number, Atomic Mass, and Number of Subatomic Particles
• Procedure 2: Using the Periodic Table to Draw Atomic Structure
• Procedure 3: Drawing Chemical Bonds

2B Enzymes

• Procedure: Determining Enzyme-Substrate Specificity of Lactase on Lactose, Sucrose, and Maltose

2C pH

• Procedure: Determining the pH of Various Household Chemicals

2D Organic Molecules

• Procedure 1: Testing for the Presence of Monosaccharaides and Disaccharides
• Procedure 2: Testing for the Presence of Starch
• Procedure 3: Testing for the Presence of Peptides and Proteins
• Procedure 4: Testing for the Presence of Lipid
• Procedure 5: Determining the Chemical Composition of Various Foods
• Procedure 6: Extracting Human DNA from Cheek Cells

Lab Exercise 3: The Cell

3A Microscopy

• Procedure 1: Exploring the Parts of a Compound Light Microscope
• Procedure 2: Calculating Total Magnification
• Procedure 3: Focusing a Compound Light Microscope
• Procedure 4: Estimating the Diameter of the Microscope Field
• Procedure 5: Determining Depth of Field
• Procedure 6: Working with a Dissecting Microscope

3B Cell Structure

• Procedure 1: Identifying Cellular Organelles and Structures
• Procedure 2: Preparing a Wet Mount and Observing Cheek Cells
• Procedure 3: Observing Various Types of Cells

3C Membrane Function

• Procedure 1: Examining the Effects of Temperature on the Rate of Diffusion
• Procedure 2: Observing Diffusion across a Selectively Permeable Membrane
• Procedure 3: Examining the Effect of Tonicity on Osmosis
• Procedure 4: Examining the Effects of Particle Size on Filtration

3D The Cell Cycle

• Procedure: Identifying the Stages of the Cell Cycle and Mitosis

3E PhysioEx™ Activities

• PEx Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion)
• PEx Activity 2: Simulated Facilitated Diffusion
• PEx Activity 3: Simulating Osmotic Pressure
• PEx Activity 4: Simulating Filtration
• PEx Activity 5: Simulating Active Transport

Lab Exercise 4: Histology

4A Epithelial Tissue

• Procedure: Examining Epithelial Tissue

4B Connective Tissue

• Procedure: Examining Connective Tissues

4C Muscle Tissue

• Procedure: Examining Muscle Tissue

4D Nervous Tissue

• Procedure: Examining Nervous Tissue

Lab Exercise 5: The Integumentary System

5A The Skin

• Procedure 1: Identifying Layers and Structures of the Skin
• Procedure 2: Identifying Fingerprint Patterns

5B Accessory Structures

• Procedure 1: Examining Hair Structure
• Procedure 2: Examining Nail Structure
• Procedure 3: Comparing Skin Glands

Lab Exercise 6: Bones and Bone Tissue

6A Gross Anatomy of Bone

• Procedure 1: Identifying Bones Based on Shape
• Procedure 2: Identifying the Parts of a Typical Long Bone

6B Microscopic Bone Structure

• Procedure 1: Examining Microscopic Structure of Bone
• Procedure 2: Examining Bone Matrix

Lab Exercise 7: The Skeletal System

7A Overview of the Skeletal System

• Procedure 1: Identifying Major Bones of the Skeletal System
• Procedure 2: Understanding Terminology Associated with Bone Markings

7B The Skull

• Procedure 1: Identifying the Bones and Bone Markings of the Adult Skull
• Procedure 2: Examining the Fetal Skull

7C The Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage

• Procedure 1: Identifying the Bones and Bone Markings of the Vertebral Column
• Procedure 2: Identifying the Bones and Bone Markings of the Thoracic Cage

7D The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• Procedure 1: Identifying the Bones and Bone Markings of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

7E The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• Procedure: Identifying the Bones and Bone Markings of the Pelvic and Lower Limb

Lab Exercise 8: Articulations

8A Classifications of Joints

• Procedure 1: Identifying Joints
• Procedure 2: Identifying the Components of a Synovial Joint

8B Synovial Joints

• Procedure 1: Classifying Synovial Joints
• Procedure 2: Demonstrating Synovial Joint Movements
• Procedure 3: Examining the Elbow, Knee, Shoulder, and Hip Joints

Lab Exercise 9: The Muscular System

9A Overview of Skeletal Muscles

• Procedure: Identifying the Major Skeletal Muscles

9B Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Trunk

• Procedure: Identifying the Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Trunk

9C Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

• Procedure: Identifying the Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

9D Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• Procedure: Identifying the Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

9E Build a Muscle

• Procedure: Build a Muscle

Lab Exercise 10: Muscle Tissue and Physiology

10A Overview of Muscle Tissue

• Procedure: Identifying the Three Types of Muscle Tissue

10B Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

• Procedure: Identifying the Structures of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber

10C Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

• Procedure 1: Understanding Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
• Procedure 2: Observing Skeletal Muscle Contraction Using Glycerinated Muscle

10D Isotonic and Isometric Contractions

• Procedure: Demonstrating Isotonic and Isometric Contractions

10E Muscle Fatigue

• Procedure: Demonstrating Muscle Fatigue

10F PhysioEx™ Activities

• PEx Activity 1: The Muscle Twitch and the Latent Period
• PEx Activity 2: The Effect of Stimulus Voltage on Skeletal Muscle Contraction
• PEx Activity 3: The Effect of Stimulus Frequency on Skeletal Muscle Contraction
• PEx Activity 4: Tetanus in Isolated Skeletal Muscle
• PEx Activity 5: Fatigue in Isolated Skeletal Muscle
• PEx Activity 6: Skeletal Muscle Length-Tension Relationship
• PEx Activity 7: Isotonic Contractions and the Load-Velocity Relationship

Lab Exercise 11: Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

11A Nervous Tissue

• Procedure 1: Identifying the Components of Nervous Tissue
• Procedure 2: Exploring the Anatomy of Neurons and Neuroglia

11B Electrophysiology of Neurons

• Procedure: Understanding Electrophysiology of Neurons

11C Neuronal Synapses

• Procedure 1: Comparing Electrical and Chemical Synapses
• Procedure 2: Understanding Chemical Synaptic Transmission

11D PhysioEx™ Activities

• PEx Activity 1: The Resting Membrane Potential
• PEx Activity 2: Receptor Potential
• PEx Activity 3: The Action Potential: Threshold
• PEx Activity 4: The Action Potential: Importance of Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
• PEx Activity 5: The Action Potential: Measuring Its Absolute and Relative Refractory Periods
• PEx Activity 6: The Action Potential: Coding for Stimulus Intensity
• PEx Activity 7: The Action Potential: Conduction Velocity
• PEx Activity 8: Chemical Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitter Release
• PEx Activity 9: The Action Potential: Putting It All Together

Lab Exercise 12: The Central Nervous System

12A The Brain

• Procedure1: Identifying the Major Structures of the Human Brain and Their Functions
• Procedure 2: Dissecting a Preserved Sheep Brain

12B The Spinal Cord

• Procedure: Examining Spinal Cord Anatomy

12C Electroencephalography

• Procedure: Recording an EEG and Identifying Brain Waves

Lab Exercise 13: The Peripheral Nervous System

13A Cranial Nerves

• Procedure 1: Identifying the Cranial Nerves and Their Functions
• Procedure 2: Testing the Response of Cranial Nerves
• Procedure 3: Identifying Cranial Nerves on a Preserved Sheep Brain

13B Spinal Nerves

• Procedure: Identifying the Spinal Nerves and Their Functions

13C Sensation

• Procedure 1: Identifying Sensory Receptors in the Skin
• Procedure 2: Determining the Size of a Receptive Field

13D Reflexes

• Procedure: Demonstrating Reflex Arcs

Lab Exercise 14: The Autonomic Nervous System and Homeostasis

14A Anatomy of the ANS

• Procedure: Identifying Components of the Autonomic Nervous System

14B Physiology of the ANS

• Procedure: Examining the Effect of Stress on the ANS

Lab Exercise 15: The Special Senses

15A Overview of the Special Senses

• Procedure: Identifying Stimuli Detected and Special Sense Receptors Used

15B Olfaction and Gustation

• Procedure 1: Examining the Structures of Olfaction and Gustation
• Procedure 2: Examining the Relationship between Smell and Taste

15C Anatomy of the Eye

• Procedure 1: Examining the Structures of the Eye
• Procedure 2: Dissecting the Preserved Eye

15D Visual Tests and Demonstrations

• Procedure 1: Performing the Visual Acuity Test Using the Snellen Eye Chart
• Procedure 2: Conducting an Astigmatism Test
• Procedure 3: Performing the Near Point of Accommodation Test
• Procedure 4: Testing for Color Blindness
• Procedure 5: Demonstrating the Pupillary Reflex
• Procedure 6: Demonstrating a Blind Spot

15E Anatomy of the Ear

• Procedure: Examining the Structures of the Ear

15F Hearing and Equilibrium Tests

• Procedure 1: Performing the Auditory Acuity Test
• Procedure 2: Performing the Sound Localization Test
• Procedure 3: Performing the Weber Test
• Procedure 4: Performing the Rinne Test
• Procedure 5: Performing the Bárány Test
• Procedure 6: Performing the Romberg Test

Lab Exercise 16: The Endocrine System

16A Overview of the Endocrine System

• Procedure: Understanding the Endocrine System

16B Anatomy of the Endocrine System

• Procedure 1: Examining the Anatomy of the Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Pineal Glands
• Procedure 2: Examining the Anatomy of the Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Thymus
• Procedure 3: Examining the Anatomy of the Pancreas
• Procedure 4: Examining the Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands
• Procedure 5: Examining the Anatomy of the Gonads

16C PhysioEx™ Activities

• PEx Activity 1: Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone
• PEx Activity 2: Plasma Glucose, Insulin, and Diabetes Mellitus
• PEx Activity 3: Hormone Replacement Therapy
• PEx Activity 4: Measuring Cortisol and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Lab Exercise 17: The Cardiovascular System I: The Heart

17A Structure of the Heart

• Procedure 1: Identifying the Anatomy of the Heart
• Procedure 2: Dissecting a Preserved Heart

17B Blood Flow Pathway through the Heart

• Procedure: Tracing the Pathway of Blood through the Heart

17C Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• Procedure: Identifying the Components of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

17D The Cardiac Cycle

• Procedure 1: Recording Electrical Activity in the Heart
• Procedure 2: Auscultating Heart Sounds

17E PhysioEx™ Activities

• PEx Activity 1: Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac Muscle
• PEx Activity 2: Examining the Effect of the Vagus Nerve Stimulation
• PEx Activity 3: Examining the Effect of Temperature on Heart Rate
• PEx Activity 4: Examining the Effect of Chemical Modifiers on Heart Rate
• PEx Activity 5: Examining the Effects of Various Ions on Heart Rate

Lab Exercise 18: The Cardiovascular System II: The Blood Vessels

18A Blood Vessel Anatomy

• Procedure: Identifying Blood Vessels and Their Anatomy

18B Major Arteries and Veins

• Procedure 1: Identifying Major Arteries and Veins
• Procedure 2: Blood Flow Tracing

18C Pulse Palpation and Pulse Rate

• Procedure: Palpating Pulse and Calculating Pulse Rate Before and After Exercise

18D Arterial Blood Pressure

• Procedure: Measuring Blood Pressure Before and After Exercise

18E Ankle-Brachial Index

• Procedure: Determining the Ankle-Brachial Index Using a Doppler Ultrasound Device

18F PhysioEx™ Activities

• PEx Activity 1: Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Radius on Blood Flow Rate
• PEx Activity 2: Studying the Effect of Blood Viscosity on Blood Flow Rate
• PEx Activity 3: Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Length on Blood Flow Rate
• PEx Activity 4: Studying the Effect of Blood Pressure on Blood Flow Rate
• PEx Activity 5: Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Radius on Pump Activity
• PEx Activity 6: Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity
• PEx Activity 7: Compensation in Pathological Cardiovascular Conditions

Lab Exercise 19: Blood

19A Formed Elements of Blood

• Procedure 1: Identifying the Formed Elements of Blood
• Procedure 2: Performing a Differential White Blood Cell Count

19B Blood Disorders

• Procedure 1: Identifying Blood Disorders and Parasitic Infections
• Procedure 2: Identifying Vessel Abnormalities and Blood Clots

19C Blood Typing

• Procedure 1: Determining Blood Types Using Simulated Blood
• Procedure 2: Determining Blood Type Compatibility

19D PhysioEx™ Activities

• PEx Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination
• PEx Activity 2: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
• PEx Activity 3: Hemoglobin Determination
• PEx Activity 4: Blood Typing
• PEx Activity 5: Blood Cholesterol

Lab Exercise 20: The Lymphatic System and Immunity

20A Overview of the Lymphatic System

• Procedure 1: Identifying the Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System
• Procedure 2: Tracing Lymph Flow
• Procedure 3: Examining a Lymphatic Vessel

20B Anatomy of the Lymphatic System

• Procedure: Examining Lymphatic Tissue and Organs

20C Immunity

• Procedure: Testing for the Presence of the Zika Virus Using a Simulated ELISA Kit

20D PhysioEx™ Activities

• PEx Activity 1: Using Direct Fluorescent Antibody Technique to Test for Chlamydia
• PEx Activity 2: Comparing Samples with Ouchterlony Double Diffusion
• PEx Activity 3: Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
• PEx Activity 4: Western Blotting Technique

Lab Exercise 21: The Respiratory System

21A Overview of the Respiratory System

• Procedure: Identifying the Organs of the Respiratory System

21B Anatomy of the Respiratory System

• Procedure 1: Examining the Structures and Organs of the Upper Respiratory System
• Procedure 2: Examining the Structures and Organs of the Lower Respiratory System
• Procedure 3: Comparing Healthy Lung Tissue to Damaged Lung Tissue

21C Pulmonary Ventilation

• Procedure 1: Understanding Pulmonary Ventilation
• Procedure 2: Using a Handheld Spirometer

21D Control of Breathing

• Procedure: Demonstrating How Various Factors Affect Breathing

21E PhysioEx™ Activities

• PEx Activity 1: Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacities
• PEx Activity 2: Comparative Spirometry
• PEx Activity 3: Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on Respiration

Lab Exercise 22: The Digestive System

22A Overview of the Digestive System

• Procedure 1: Identifying the Organs of the Digestive System
• Procedure 2: Examining the Histology of the Alimentary Canal

22B Anatomy of the Digestive System

• Procedure 1: Examining the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
• Procedure 2: Examining the Esophagus and Stomach
• Procedure 3: Examining the Intestines
• Procedure 4: Examining the Accessory Organs of the Digestive System

22C Nutrient Digestion

• Procedure 1: Investigating Amylase Activity
• Procedure 2: Investigating Pepsin Activity
• Procedure 3: Investigating Lipase Activity

22D PhysioEx™ Activities

• PEx Activity 1: Assessing Starch Digestion by Salivary Amylase
• PEx Activity 2: Exploring Amylase Substrate Specificity
• PEx Activity 3: Assessing Pepsin Digestion of Protein
• PEx Activity 4: Assessing Lipase Digestion of Fat

Lab Exercise 23: Metabolism and Nutrition

23A Overview of Metabolism

• Procedure: Examining the Effects of Exercise on Cellular Respiration

23B Nutrition and Body Mass

• Procedure 1: Calculating Metabolic Rate
• Procedure 2: Calculating Body Mass Index

Lab Exercise 24: The Urinary System

24A Overview of the Urinary System

• Procedure: Identifying Organs of the Urinary System

24B Anatomy of the Urinary System

• Procedure 1: Examining the Anatomy of the Kidney
• Procedure 2: Dissecting a Preserved Kidney
• Procedure 3: Identifying the Blood Vessels of a Kidney
• Procedure 4: Identifying the Components of a Nephron
• Procedure 5: Examining the Anatomy of the Urinary Tract

24C Physiology of the Urinary System

• Procedure 1: Understanding the Big Picture of Renal Physiology
• Procedure 2: Tracing the Flow of Fluid through the Urinary System
• Procedure 3: Performing a Urinalysis

24D PhysioEx™ Activities

• PEx Activity 1: The Effect of Arteriole Radius on Glomerular Filtration
• PEx Activity 2: The Effect of Pressure on Glomerular Filtration
• PEx Activity 3: Renal Response to Altered Blood Pressure
• PEx Activity 4: Solute Gradients and Their Impact on Urine Concentration
• PEx Activity 5: Reabsorption of Glucose via Carrier Proteins
• PEx Activity 6: The Effect of Hormones on Urine Formation

Lab Exercise 25: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis

25A Homeostasis

• Procedure: Examining the Effects of Buffers