Q: During photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates. Which equation best represents this process?

$$6\ \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + \text{light energy} \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\ \mathrm{O}_2$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between an aldose and a ketose sugar?

Accepted Answer

An aldose has a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, while a ketose has it within the carbon chain.

Question 2

Which of the following is a correct molecular formula for a carbohydrate?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6$$

Question 3

Which type of glycosidic linkage is found in cellulose, and what is its significance for the structure?

Accepted Answer

$$\beta-1$$,4-glycosidic linkage; it creates straight, linear fibers that allow hydrogen bonding between strands.

Question 4

Which of the following polysaccharides is used for energy storage in animals and is highly branched?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 5

What is the primary function of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the outer surface of animal cells?

Accepted Answer

They serve as identification badges for cell–cell recognition and signaling.

Question 6

Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing glycogen in animal cells to release glucose?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylase

Question 7

A patient is unable to digest lactose due to a deficiency in the enzyme that breaks the glycosidic linkage in lactose. Which linkage is this?

Accepted Answer

$$\beta-1$$,4-glycosidic linkage

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why most animals cannot digest cellulose?

Accepted Answer

They lack enzymes capable of hydrolyzing $$\beta-1$$,4-glycosidic linkages.

Question 9

Which polysaccharide is a major component of fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons, and what is its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Chitin; N-acetylglucosamine

Question 10

During photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates. Which equation best represents this process?

Accepted Answer

$$6\ \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + 	ext{light energy} ightarrow \mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\ \mathrm{O}_2$$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between amylose and amylopectin in starch?

Accepted Answer

Amylose is unbranched with only $$\alpha-1$$,4-glycosidic linkages, while amylopectin is branched with some $$\alpha-1$$,6-glycosidic linkages.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in cells?

Accepted Answer

Catalyzing chemical reactions

Question 13

Which structural feature of polysaccharides makes them resistant to hydrolysis and important as dietary fiber?

Accepted Answer

The presence of $$\beta-1$$,4-glycosidic linkages and hydrogen bonds between parallel strands

Question 14

A scientist is studying a bacterial cell wall and finds a polysaccharide with alternating monosaccharides and short peptide chains. What is this molecule?

Accepted Answer

Peptidoglycan

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why starch and glycogen are suitable for energy storage, but cellulose is not?

Accepted Answer

Starch and glycogen have $$\alpha-$$glycosidic linkages that are easily hydrolyzed, while cellulose has $$\beta-$$glycosidic linkages that are not.

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct product of the hydrolysis of starch by amylase enzymes in the human digestive system?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cells?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores and provides energy to drive cellular reactions such as polymerization and muscle movement.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about monosaccharides is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

All monosaccharides have the same spatial arrangement of hydroxyl groups.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why glucose is a central molecule in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Glucose can be easily broken down to release energy, which is captured in ATP.

An Introduction to Carbohydrates: Structure, Function, and Biological Roles

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